.ape files

The trap, Windows users never think about the users of other Operating systems.

I've downloaded a .ape file, Sure I didn't know this before the download completed.

Now what ? a bit of googling showed me that this is a monkey audio format or whatever it's called.

Looks like there's something called cue2wav that can solve it but the page seems down or whatever.

Anyway I failed to build the SDK and I'm using the linux port to get a wav. Now that I have a wav let's split it. The guy was nice to include a "cue" sheet so let's get a list of breakpoints:

Then we can feed them to shntool and split the file. shntool split foo.wav "it'll read the split points from stdin!".

About the upcoming SSTE Conference

About the SSTE conference i don't know if they will ask us to talk about the unemployment and development in communication and information technology or not but I just prepared some points to talk about in case they asked us to talk about this issue ... and I need cooperation from all of u if u found something not good to tell me and to add some points too..

-The Philosophy behind open source.

open source and what is open source and why it is important... and why people choose to use open source instead of closed source... and why when making the source published in public that will offer much more opportunities for sharing and cooperation between all those who are interested in the field.. and will reduce monopolism and increase healthy competition between developers and contributors.. and also it will not be againest business development. it will be just a little introduction as all of them already knew about open source from the last conference.

-Open source and development cooperation.

how it will be great to make open source cooperate in development of countries in its many ways especially open source software.. and the advantage of open source software applications.

-Open source as a development path.

how using open source will make a right path to development as it has a less cost completely free license that will save money and help in economic development that will lead in development to the whole country.. and the economic development will be explained in the next points.

-Why developing countries must use open source.

i think this point will be important As Egypt is considered one of the developing country.. how the open source is suitable for the developing countries.. as it has no cost so it will save the money that is paid in licenses to be used in another fields..also open source needs many developers and contributors so many people will be able to work in this field and develop in it as it will be easy to learn for many people because of its GPLd tutorials and documentations .. so using open source in developing countries will be a good solution for the lake of money as many millions will be saved to be used in other fields .

-how reduction of unemployment will be one of the results of economic development that was caused by using open source.

and at last it will be so clear that due to economic development that was caused by the use of open source that will reduce unemployment.. and also many people can work in developing and contribution of the open source ..

I really appreciate ur cooperation very much..

Codename: Robert Paulsen (CodeX)

This document should serve as an open agenda to help in organizing the first episode of a computer and network security-related convention in Egypt. The final name is to be determined at a later stage. Aims and goals: Executive conceptions: Processes: Events: Other than this, the following is a list of the possible topics for the talk sessions: In case no theme is adapted (or the special event won't be related to the theme), several ideas could be implemented: Possible suggestions could include:

Community Webserver suggestion

Community Web Server

background

through our FOSS advocacy activities we introduced a bunch of NGOs to the concept of CMS systems, and explained the power, ease of use and affordability of the LAMP web application stack.

this turned out to be a killer FOSS application, our audience never saw anything like that before.

we did a couple of sessions on the Drupal CMS system, they where extremely popular and the feedback we got from the attendants (mostly web newbies with 0 GNU/Linux experience) showed that it was an empowering experience.

EGLUG is interested in anything that encourages people to adopt FOSS technologies, we're also interested in community development and initiatives to make computing more affordable and accessible using FOSS.

problem

• very few local websites for small organizations and individuals
• NGOs, artists, researchers etc would benefit from having websites
• companies working on the field offer static websites most of the time
• static is hardly useful for people who create and produce content on a regular basis
• static does not enable the website to build a community of readers and contributors, such communities proved to be essential in producing more quality content
• the few companies that offer dynamic websites are focused on enterprise and are too expensive for smaller organizations and individuals
• even if an NGO can afford the price the periodic cost of hosting is typically inflated and the solutions sold tend to be custom built with little regard for usability, end result is high cost of maintenance and dependence on single vendor
• the high cost and complexity force a model where specialists are the only people empowered to update the website
• and easy dynamic website offers the possibility of removing all middle men and allowing content producers/authors to publish it directly and interact with their audience
• a casual attitude towards the web and rapid edit/publish cycles have proved to be very effective tools for many organizations, the current culture around the web in Egypt prevents the use of tools like Wikis and Blogs.
• often commercial solutions push features not really required by the clients and discard features that may be essential
• almost all companies working o the field only understand commercial enterprises, a website to them is a marketing vehicle not a source of information or a community hub or an outlet for self expression
• LAMP stack offers the cheapest and most reliable webapplication platform, it runs 60+% of the web according to NetCraft yet few Egyptian companies offer solutions built on top of it
• the few companies that do offer solutions built on the LAMP stack ignore the wealth of prepackaged FOSS CMS and webtools
• using a well supported FOSS tools means you're not tied to your original vendor, there are many channels of support and the tool adapts to emerging webtrends and technologies
• the even fewer companies who do use CMS systems (I only know of two) do not offer customization, are not involved in the FOSS developers community and don't seem to keep updated with changes in the community/technology
• no local commercially built website respects web-standards or accessibility guidelines
• lack of awareness of how cheap and easy FOSS CMS systems are
• lack of prepackaged localized web-applications make it harder to build local websites using FOSS CMSs
• no integration, content sharing or any form of cooperation between local websites
• little local content, few local web communities.
• lack of visibility for local websites (this can be verified by simple Google searches, trying to search for very generic Arabic words and in many cases you'll get EGLUG on the first 10 results, EGLUG has only a handful of Arabic articles, is a low traffic website and is not extensively linked to there is no reason for it to rank high if it wasn't for the lack of other websites that match or the extremely low visibility they have)

what else

needs

for the above problem to be truly resolved a broad range of webservices providers should exist, including non for profit and volunteer based providers and providers building on all sorts of technologies and targeting all sorts of markets.

• assure people the web is easy
• demystify the web and its associated technologies
• introduce new technologies
• raise awareness of community models
• provide a platform for local content
  • should be affordable
  • should be extremely easy to use
  • ease of use should not compromise power or flexibility
  • should be localized
  • should be well supported
  • should provide possibilities for integration and content aggregation between various websites
  • should enforce/encourage web-standards and accessibility guidelines
  • should provide good community building tools
• encourage an attitude here the web is considered important but not a holy unapproachable entity
• collect and transfer experience on building. maintaining and running websites and web communities
• have a local developer community ready to help customize and adapt the platform

approach

we can contribute to solving this problem by offering people a fully localized stable, easy to use and flexible platform for web-publishing, coupled with dedicated maintainers, and support.

this platform if run by competent administrators can adapt to any new technologies and encourage content creators and publishers to adopt standards and best practices.

technical solution

EGLUG can cooperate with a partner to setup and administer a community Webserver.

• the server will be run by volunteers from EGLUG
• the server will be based on FOSS web technologies
• the server will provide free or ultra cheap hosting for NGOs, artists, researchers etc.
• will provide an integrated environment with a small set of content management system tools
• will provide a preinstalled environment with a large amount of preconfigured modules
• volunteer developers will be available to write any extra modules required by the content publishers
• the EGLUG volunteers will be in touch with the developers of the CMS tools, to act as a proxy for the publishers communicating their needs and feedback
• standards will be more or less enforced by the EGLUG volunteers, parallel training activities should explain the importance of standards to the publishers
• EGLUG volunteers will develop portal/directory/aggregator websites covering the content published on the server to give the content more visibility
• the portal will contain community features to encourage publishers to communicate together through it and encourage collaboration
• server might include areas for individual Blogs so say members and employees of an organization that has a website on the server can have a personal space for their own use.
• EGLUG volunteers will setup a central support and issue tracking public system

EGLUG Presentation in central EL-Fawala

In order to collect all EGLUG document in text format to ease search on them . and this highlights the need of a place to store Eglug Documents This presentation was on Central El-Fawala.

GNU/Linux and Open Source

Egyptian GNU/Linux users' Group

Presented to Telecom Egypt

October 5 , 2004

What is free software ?

• Free software has to do with freedom.
• Free software has nothing to do with price.
• Think of "free speech", not "free food".
• word "free" has multiple, disjoint meanings in English.
• The birth of Free Software

• Richard M. Stallman
• 1984 Stallman start GNU.
• Stallman graduated from Harvard in 1974 with a BA in physics

• Freedom to run the program ,for any purpose(0)
• Freedom to study how the program works , and adapt it to your needs (1)
• Freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (2)
• Freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements (3)

GNU - Is Not Unix

• A complete users work space programs
• All free software
• Unix like
• Use existing components
• Free Software Foundation
• GNU Development tools

What is Linux?

• A UNIX-like Operating System, created from scratch.
• Free of minix code
• Linus Trovalds
• released linux as an alternative to minix
• open development process
• anyone can contribute

What is Linux core "kernel" ?

• By 1991 GNU was still missing the kernel .

• perform many low level and system level functions.

communicates with hardware

• Devloped by developers around the world.

• Capable of running on tiny embedded systems (PDAs, robots, DSL routers) as well as the largest mainframes.

A GNU/Linux Timeline

• 1984 Stallman starts GNU and the FSF.
• 1990 GNU finished full user work space
• 1991 Linus posts about a 'Linux'
• 1991 Oct Linux Ver 0.02 Released
• 1993 Dec 100,000 estimated users
• 1994 Mar Linux 1.0 Released (500,000)
• 1996 June Linux 2.0 Released (3,500,000)
• 1998 Mar 7,500,000 estimated users
• 2000 Jan ???? till now

What is “Open Source?”

• “Open Source” is a kind of software license (a kind of “End User License Agreement”)

What is “Open Source?”

• It doesn't just mean “Access to the source-code”

• The license must not restrict anyone from selling or giving away the software

• The program must include the source code, and allow distribution

• The license must allow for derived works and other modifications to be released under the same license

• The license must not discriminate against persons or groups

• The license must not discriminate against fields of endeavor (e.g., it cannot say “For educational use only”)

Who we are ?

• Our goals are very simple. We have discovered GNU/Linux and want to talk to others who have made the same discovery.
• We are experts and novices, professionals and hobbyists, young and old. Whoever you are, we hope we have something for you.
• We have many contributes in advocate ,train and support for Linux community in Egypt

Why choose Open Source?

• Open Source is Flexible
• The source code is available, so it can be altered to suit your needs.
• A program can change in ways the author never intended or dreamed of!

• Open Source is Inexpensive
• Up front costs for the software are nil!
• Because the source is available, anyone can learn how software works, so support can become *competitive; and therefore cheap!

Why choose Open Source?

• Open Source developers are motivated
• Most developers of Open Source are doing it because they have a need or a want to; they are *not simply programmer drones at a huge corporation!
• Better Security, and fewer bugs!
• Accidental (or malicious) bugs are found quickly, since anyone and everyone can examine the code.
• Viruses, “spyware,” etc. are almost non-existent!
• Actual bugs are fixed quickly, and in the open.

Why choose Open Source?

• The code will survive!
• While the loss of a major corporate contributor may be a deterrent, it will never mean the death of a piece of Open Source software.
• The code will always be out there, since it can always be passed along!

You can contribute!

• Even if you cannot help write the software, you can contribute with bug reports, feature requests, etc.

Why Switch to Linux?

• Many are frustrated with bugs, viruses, and crashes.

• Others are sick of spyware, pop-up ads, and having their computers hijacked to attack others or send spam.

• Some are tired of recurring costs (both new versions of software, and new hardware just to run it!)

• Finally, many have major concerns with new licensing that takes away their rights and invades their privacy!

Other Reasons to Use Linux

• Linux is a powerful multitasking, multi-user operating system

• The underlying OS and tools are separate from the graphical environment (GUI), so it is more well suited as a server. (It can run powerful servers on less powerful hardware.)

• It runs web servers, databases, email, print servers, file shares...
• Where does Linux run?
• Embedded systems
• TiVo & entertainment systems
• Robots
• PDAs / hand held computers
• Cellphones
• Gateways, server appliances, wireless access points
• Point-of-sale systems (cash registers)

• Licensing cost for the Linux OS itself is $0.
• Compared that to commercial embedded OSes!

Where does Linux run?

• Variety of CPU architectures
• “IBM Compatible” PCs
• 386, 486, 586, Pentium
• Next generation PCs
• Itanium, AMD64/Opteron
• Motorola 68000 / PowerPC
• Apple Macintosh, Atari ST, Amiga, etc.
• Alpha
• ARM
• IBM S/390
• MIPS
• PA-RISC
• Sparc

Where does Linux run?

• Giant Mainframes & Clusters
• IBM, HP and others sell Linux-based systems
• Some make their own large systems out of hundreds, or thousands of commodity systems (clusters)

Users include:

• Google (search engine)
• Amazon (e-commerce site)
• Dreamworks (animated motion pictures)
• NASA
• US National weather service
• Other government & military

Where does Linux run?

• Thin Clients (and servers)
• Linux servers store and run applications, and store all user data.
• Extremely low-end Linux clients display the applications.
• Used in schools and colleges, and some small businesses.

Why Linux is secure?

• Linux is one of the most secure operating systems. “Walls” and flexible file access permission

• systems prevent access by unwanted visitors or viruses.
• Linux is process centric.
• No one can change the settings of the system except one user account (root).
• Remote administration made easy through command line tools.

Governments Switching to Linux and Open Source!

• Britain's National Health Service considering (December 2003)
• Brazil leaning away from Microsoft (November 2003)
• “Vietnam embracing open-source products” (October 2003)
• Massachusetts mandates open source; locks horns with Microsoft(October 2003;)
• “Israel slams the door on Microsoft” (October 2003)
• UK Office of Government Commerce (October 2003)
• “Japan, China, Korea may develop Windows replacement”(August 2003)

</p> >

EGLUG contributed Drupal modules

--- captcha.module.orig	2005-01-19 17:00:08.000000000 +0200
+++ captcha.module	2005-03-05 00:12:03.921875000 +0200
@@ -83,9 +83,10 @@
   if (_captcha_istrue("captcha_user_register") && !$newuser->uid && !$user->uid)
   switch ($type) {
     case t("register"):
-    // Add two items to the resigtration form.
+    $string = _captcha_code();
     
-    $output .= form_item("", '<img src="/'.url('captcha/image/'.time()).'" alt="Captcha Image: you will need to recognize the text in it."/>');
+    // Add two items to the resigtration form.
+    $output .= form_item("", '<img src="/'.url('captcha/image/'.time()).'" alt="Captcha: '.$string.'"/>');
     $output .= form_textfield(t('Word'), 'captchaword', NULL, 15, 15, 'Please type in the letters/numbers that are shown in the image above.', NULL, TRUE);
 
     return array(array('title' => t('Verify Registration'), 'data'=>$output));
@@ -137,7 +138,8 @@
       
     case 'form':
       if (sess_read('captcha_comment_correct')!='ok') {
-        $output .= form_item("", '<img src="/'.url('captcha/image/'.time()).'" alt="Captcha Image: you will need to recognize the text in it."/>');
+	$string = _captcha_code();
+        $output .= form_item("", '<img src="/'.url('captcha/image/'.time()).'" alt="Captcha: '.$string.'"/>');
         $output .= form_textfield(t('Word'), 'captchaword', NULL, 15, 15, 'Please type in the letters/numbers that are shown in the image above.', NULL, TRUE);
         return form_group(t('Verify comment authorship'), $output);
       } else return NULL;
@@ -206,7 +208,7 @@
     
     header('Content-type: image/png');
 
-    $string = _captcha_code();
+    $string = sess_read('captcha');
     
     //set up image, the first number is the width and the second is the height
     $im = imagecreatetruecolor(120, 20);

Install fest 2005

Preparing for 2005 Install fest

Install fest 2008

Preparing for 2008 Install fest

Advocacy - Ways of Advertising.

CDs and Pamphlets - To be distributed.

During the event - What we'll be doing.

LPI Course outlines

LPI Outlines

got this info from www.linuxit.com, maybe it would prove useful to someone trying to teach themselves without any particular goals.

wonder if one could find free training material though

seems rather haphazard IMO

Course Goals

• For the student to become familiar with the Linux OS.
• Use Linux on the desktop
• Understand Linux Basics
• Candidate will be able to perform a basic installation of Linux
• Candidate will learn where Linux is most effectively deployed.
• Gain awareness of cost-effective Open Source alternatives to proprietary products.

• Understand Linux Basics
• Understand Command-Line Utilities
• Manage the Linux Filesystem
• Shutdown and start the system correctly
• Locate and use local and web based resource and documentation for applications and support

• Hardware configuration
• Software management using source code and package managers
• The X server architecture
• Understand the file system layout (the File system Hierarchy Standard)
• Process text files effectively
• Manage processes effectively
• Manage disks and file systems (including quotas)

• Manage, configure and rebuild the kernel
• The booting process
• Manage users and groups
• Bash shell scripting
• Manage printers and queues
• Configure serial modems
• Implement and troubleshoot TCP/IP
• Manage network services (inetd, sendmail, DNS, apache etc.)
• Security Administration
• Documentation

• Linux Kernel
• System Startup
• File systems
• Hardware
• System Maintenance
• System Customization and Automation
• Troubleshooting

• Networking
• Mail & News
• DNS
• Web Services
• Network Client Management
• System Security
• Network Troubleshooting

Course Outlines

• What is Linux?
• Popular Open Source products/projects
• Implementing Open Source projects effectively
• How Open Source compares to Proprietary models
• Installing RedHat and using GNOME
• Installing SuSE and using KDE
• Overview of desktop applications, and installing StarOffice
• Deploying Linux properly - A practical example

• Installation Basics
• Basic Linux System Administration
• Working on the command line
• Controlling the system through run levels
• Basic file management
• Text processing
• Using pipes and redirects
• Maintaining file systems
• File permissions and ownership
• Documentation

• The Linux Kernel
• Booting Linux
• Managing Groups and Users
• Network Configuration
• TCP/IP Networks
• Network Services
• Bash Scripting
• Basic Security
• Documentation
• Linux System Administration
• Setting up PPP
• Printers

• The Linux Kernel
  • Kernel Components
  • Compiling a Kernel
  • Patching a Kernel
  • Customising a Kernel
• System Startup
  • Customising the Boot Process
  • System Recovery
  • Customised initrd
• The Linux File system
  • Operating the Linux File system
  • Maintaining a Linux File system
  • Configuring auto mount
• Hardware and Software Configuration
  • Software RAID
  • LVM Configuration
  • CD Burners and Linux
  • Configuring PCMCIA Devices
• File and Service Sharing
  • Samba Client Tools
  • Configuring a SAMBA Server
  • Configuring an NFS Server
  • Setting up an NFS Client
• System Maintenance
  • System Logging
  • Building Packaged (RPM) Software
• System Automation
  • Writing Perl Scripts
  • Using the Perl taint Module
  • Installing Perl Modules (CPAN)
  • Check for Process Execution
  • Monitor Processes and Generate Alerts
• Using rsync

• Mail and Lists
  • Configuring Mailing Lists
  • Using Sendmail
  • Managing Mail Traffic
• DNS
  • Using dig and host
  • Basic Bind 8 Configuration
  • Create and Maintain Zone Files
  • Securing a DNS Server
• Web Services
  • Implementing a Web Server
  • Maintaining a Web Server
  • Implementing a Proxy Server
• Network Client Management
  • DHCP Configuration
  • NIS Configuration
  • LDAP Configuration
  • PAM Authentication
• System Security
  • Ipchains and Iptables
  • Network Security Tools

Mandrake pekwm menu method

this menu-methods script will generate a pekwm menu structure in /etc/X11/pekwm/menu which can then be included in your ~/.pekwm/menu file using this line

INCLUDE = "/etc/X11/pekwm/menu"

here goes

#!/usr/sbin/install-menu
#
# Generates PekWM menus for all registered applications
# Written by Alaa Abd El Fatah <[email protected]>

!include menu.h
compat="menu-2"

genmenu="menu";
rootprefix="/etc/X11/pekwm/";
userprefix=".pekwm/";

treewalk=(M);

function ltitle()=translate(lang(),title());

supported;
  x11  = nstring(level(),"\t")"Entry = \""esc(ltitle(), "\"")"\" { Actions = \"Exec "esc($command,"\"")"\" }\n";
  wm   = nstring(level(),"\t")"Entry = \""esc(ltitle(), "\"")"\" { Actions = \"RestartOther "esc($command,"\"")"\" }\n";
  text = nstring(level(),"\t")"Entry = \""esc(ltitle(), "\"")"\" { Actions = \"Exec $TERM -T \\\""esc(ltitle(), "\"")"\\\" -e "esc($command,"\"")"\" }\n";
endsupported;

preoutput="\n#Mandrake Menu, Automatically generated. DONT EDIT\n";
postoutput="\n#end of Mandrake Menu";

endmenu=ifelse(basename($section),nstring(level(),"\t")"}\n","");
startmenu=ifelse(basename($section),nstring(level(),"\t")"Submenu = \""esc(ltitle(), "\"")"\" {\n","");

New FOSSCON Egypt

What about making a FOSSCON in Egypt in next July or 1st augst ?

i wish we can talk about many topics/technologies in this FOSSCON like:

- FOSS in education

- FOSS in Medical Field

- FOSS in Business

- FOSS in Industrial field

- FOSS in Agriculture field

- Innovation in FOSS

- Big Companies that support FOSS move

- Case studies for Countries that move to FOSS

- .... add yours here ...

we can talk for example about Free Open Source Operating Systems like ( Linux, *BSD, OpenSolaris, Minix, Syllable, ReactOS ).

we can talk about Free Software that serves Remote Education and how it can save the government money, time and efforts.

we can talk about Free Software that serves small & medium enterprises like ERP, CRM, HRM, ...etc.

we can distribute invitations, brouchores in universities, schools, companies and mosques/churches near the CON. area .

i hope we will make this event in a university and invite some business men and for example ministers of education, high education, ...etc.

can we do something like this ?

Open Source in Business - The Egyptian Perspective -seminar ..

Preparation for the FOSS and Development conference

only few days to the conference.

as everything is left to the last possible moment.

what do we need to do?

• Presentations for the 2nd Day
• Demonstrations for the 3rd day
• Pamphlets

apart from that we'll need volunteers to be present early everyday to prepare the place, the computers, the network etc.

1st Day:

Presentations

Opening (brief intro to FOSS) (15 minutes)

Manal will open the 2nd day with a quick rehash of what is FOSS, and what are the FOSS offerings, this is just laying the ground for the presentations that will follow

• the GNU/Linux system
• cross platform FOSS application
• FOSS in servers
• FOSS and the desktop
• who is using it and for what

The FOSS Desktop (30 minutes)

(Phaeron?) will take take a few minutes to present the FOSS desktop and office offerings, and highlight professional desktop apps such as Gimp, inkscape etc

Arabization (30 minutes)

MohammedSameer will give a briefing on the current arabization efforts, what is done, what is missing and what needs to be done (focus is off course on the desktop)

The FOSS Web Publishing platform (60 minutes)

Alaa(and who else?) will give a long presentation on dynamic websites, content management systems and present an example of a personal publishing platform (WordPress), a Community CMS (Drupal) and an enterprise CMS (Typo3).

Affordable computing (60 minutes)

RamezHanna (and who else?) will give a long presentation on how FOSS can make computing cheaper, he will cover

• low resource desktop software like abiword, gnumeric etc
• thin clients
• FOSS multimedia authoring software (typically these are too expensive for individuals and small organizations)
• Enterprise software (SQLLedger, PHP Project, etc) (used to be only the big companies could afford them) (conceptor will help with this).
• Ezabi will also present FOSS VoIP stuff

Hands On demonstrations

• Hula Server - whirlpool offered to do that, it will be installed on Conceptor's labtop.
• Asterisk - Ezabi can you do that (pending)
• Drupal - Manal can do that
• WordPress - Manal can do that
• Typo3 - Alaa can do that
• Thin Clients - Alaa can do that
• Desktop (knoppix) - Marwa can do that
• Graphics software - whirlpool can do that
• Phaeronix - phaeron off course
• SQLLedger - who??
• PHProject - BooDy can do that

what else?

we can have more than one person ding the same demo, so please volunteer, and please add ideas

EGLUG Booth

we will have a special table just for EGLUG, with a computer showing the EGLUG website and some pamphlets, who will man this booth, we need someone to show people the eglug website, explain who we are and what we do and invite them to join us.

on the breaks in the 1st and 2nd day we'll have a couple of PCs showing off the FOSS desktop, we need two volunteers for this.

CDs

• OpenCD 2.0 , with arabic interface (thanks DarknessWolf, Boody and whirlpool) and extra software in place of the blender videos
• Knoppix

whirlpool did the covers for the cds

Pamphlets

• About EGLUG (needs updating)
• a short intro to FOSS and GNU/Linux (adapt the installfest pamphlets into a shorter document maybe)

Laptops

we will have 8-10 pcs, but ho knows maybe we'll need more so please anyone who can bring a GNU/Linux laptop list yourself here

• Alaa
• Manal
• DJ KING
• MohammedSameer
• Ezabi
• Conceptor
• Marwa

we will have a wireless lan so we should have a very flexible setup

Volunteers

we need all sorts of volunteers, to give presentations, answer questions, setup computers, setup lan, help in organization etc. please volunteers list yourselves here

1. Alaa
2. Manal
3. DJ KING
4. MohammedSameer
5. Ezabi
6. Whirlpool
7. Phaeron
8. Boody?
9. Conceptor
10. Marwa
11. RamezHanna
12. DarknessWolf?
13. ADminS
14. Mohammed Yousif

volunteers will be wearing special EGLUG tshirts, design by whirlpool

volunteers, please tell us your prefered Tshirt size

Preparing for New Vision crash course

initial dump from my PDA, will clean up laters.

Renaming multiple files.

In the old days, I was using a for loop to rename multiple files.

Today I've discovered a new command: rename(1)

rename is not a traditional UNIX command but it comes with perl, And I guess you'll find a system without perl these days ;)

Imaginr that you have some files with underscores in their names and you want to change the underscores to spaces.
In the old days I used to do:

Now I can do:
Note that s/_/ /g is a perl regular expression "perl regex"
for more information:

Report On The FOSS Conference 13-15 March 2005

متطوعو مجموعة جنو/ليونكس مصر الذين شاركوا فى المؤتمر:

1. ADminS
2. Alaa
3. BooDy
4. Conceptor
5. DarKnesS_WolF
6. DJ KING
7. Eg_linux
8. Ezabi
9. Manal
10. Marwa
11. MohammedSameer
12. Mohammed Yousif
13. Phaeron
14. Pronco
15. RamezHanna
16. robertoramsis
17. Whirlpool

اليوم الأول:

الجزء الأول:

الكلمة الأفتتاحية للمؤتمر كانت للدكتورة/ مالين تدرس (مركز مجتمع المعرفة) . ثم تحدث الدكتور/ عادل الزعيم عن مكتب البحوث للتنمية الدولية و أمثلة لبعض المشروعات التى تعتمد على البرمجيات الحرة مفتوحة المصدر فى أفريقيا . وايضا تحدث مهندس / أحمد السبكى عن البرمجيات الحرة مفتوحة المصدر فى افريقيا و فلسفة البرمجيات الحرة مفتوحة المصدر.

الجزء الثانى:

تحدث الأستاذ/ محمد حجازى الأمين العام للمركز المصرى للملكية الفكرية و تكنولوجيا المعلومات عن الملكية الفكرية و مقارنة بين البرمجيات الحرة مفتوحة المصدر و البرمجيات مغلقة المصدر وعيوب و ميزات كلا منهما و أيضا تحدث عن ما هو مصطلح الملكية الفكرية. وبعد ذلك قام مهندس/ أحمد حسين من الشركة المصرية لنقل البيانات بالتعقيب و التعليق على الملكية الفكرية.

الجزء الثالث:

كانت هذة الفترة مخصصة لدراسة حالات محلية تعتمد على البرمجيات الحرة مفتوحة المصدر و كانت كالتالى:

• مركز أبو النمرس لتكنولوجيا المعلومات (كوسبى) و قدم الحالة الأستاذ/ علاء عبد الفتاح
• البرمجيات الحرة مفتوحة المصدر فى مدارس أبو قرقاص (التنمية العربية) و قدم الحالة الأستاذ/ شريف ماهر من التنمية العربية
• انتقال شركة ملابس جاهزة إلى الاعتماد التام على البرمجيات الحرة مفتوحة المصدر و قدم الحالة الأستاذ/ شريف ناجى من مجموعة مستخدمى جنو/ليونكس مصر

اليوم الثانى:

الجزء الأول:

تضمن هذا اليوم عرض لبعض التطبيقات و حالات التعريب فى نظام جنو/ليونكس حيث قام أعضاء جنو/ليونكس مصر بالأتى:

• الأستاذ/ أسلام: بعرض تطبيقات العمل اليومية فى نظام جنو/ليونكس.
• الأستاذ/ محمد سمير: بالتحدث عن حالات التعريب و المشاكل التى تواجة اللغة العربية.

الجزء الثانى:

• الأستاذ/ علاء عبد الفتاح: قدم ادوات النشر على الأنترنت مثل Drupal.

الجزء الثالث:

• قدم كلا من الأستاذ/ رامز حنا و الأستاذ/ضياء بعض التقنيات الغير مكلفة بواسطة البرمجيات الحرة مفتوحة المصدر.

اليوم الثالث:

قام متطوعى مجموعة جنو/لينوكس مصر بتقديم عروض عملية تفاعلية، و تواجدت بعض الشركات و الجمعيات المهتمة بالبرمجيات الحرة مفتوحة المصدر للتعارف و المناقشة و للإجابة على الأسئلة.

وايضا يمكنك الحصول على الوثائق و ملفات الصوت لكل متحدث كلا التالى:

• ملفات الصوت لليوم الأول:

• ملفات الصوت لليوم الثانى:

Report on the training in Menya 4,5 february 2005

1. Manal
2. Ezabi

1st day:

we took the 7:15 train from Cairo and arrived in el Menya @ 10:30 and went directly to Gam3eyet el Sa3eed hotel in Abu Qorqas.

arrived @ Salah el Din school (for boys) in Abu Qorqas @ 13:00, we then started the installation of MandrakeLinux 10.1 Eglug edition in their computer lab. the teachers started to arrive while we were installing and we decided to explain the installation process to them all.

After we finished the installation on 9 pcs out of 10, we started the training:

• General desktop usage:
  • KDE and Gnome
  • OOwriter
  • Virtual desktops
  • Arabic keyboard layout

we finished the training @ 18:00

Attendants of the 1st day:

• teachers:
  • 3 teachers from Salah el Din school
  • 3 teachers from Adeeb Wahba school
  • 1 teacher from Monsha2at al Fekrya school
  • 1 teacher from el Thanaweya al Gadeeda school
• Officials:
  • the regional computer supervisor
  • the local computer supervisor

2nd day:

we arrived @ Adeeb Wahba prep school (for boys & girls) in Abu Qorqas @ 10:30.

we re-explained the installation process for 2 teachers on 2 pcs, then the 2 teachers performed the installation of MandrakeLinux 10.1 Eglug edition on the other 8 pcs in their computer lab (the local supervisor insisted on installing on 1 machine).

we arrived @ Salah el Din school @ 14:00 and started the training @14:30.

4 of 1st day teachers have quit because they were not computer teachers and they found out that they wont b able to transfer what they learn to the students in the computer club groups which will start next week.

but 2 new teachers joined the group, and supposedly 2 more will join.

total attendance: 6 teachers.

content of the training:

• Mandrake Control Center in general
• special stress on software mangement and installing dia and gqview as an example
• KDE desktop configuration
• Mandrake documentation
• Apps:
  • OOwriter
  • OOcalc
  • OOimpress
  • Kivio (used dia stencils)
  • Gimp 2
  • Gqview
  • Amarok
  • Kaffiene
  • Konquerer
  • Gnucash

we didn't have internet access, so we didn't install internet aps or demonstrate them, but we talked about:

• Mozilla
• Kopete

we also talked about other application without demonstrating them:

• Dia
• Mplayer

at the end of the day, we gave them free time to choose some application and explore it. they showed interest in oowriter, oocalc, ooimpress and kivio.

the teachers stressed on the importance of arabic documentation and Howtos, and some requested to get training on using the Gimp.

we agreed that the next visit will be in a couple of weeks, so that the teachers get some time to get more aquinted with the platform and give us their feedback.

we had 3 copies of Mandrake 10.1, we left a copy to the computer lab @ Salah el Din school, a copy to the computer lab @ Adeeb Wahba and the 3rd to the regional supervisor.

we finished @ 18:00 and took the 19:00 train back to cairo.

Evaluation:

negatives:

1. lack of arabic documentation
2. 4 teachers quiting after the 1st day
3. some computers had faulty hardware:
   • we couldn't install on a pc @ Salah el Din school due to cdrom malfunction
   • 2 pcs @ Salah el Din school had no sound detection
4. no internet in both schools
5. no network @ Salah el Din school
6. Interruption in the training to fix internal formalities

positives:

1. the train was comfortable
2. the hotel and food were very good

1. teachers and officals were very enthusiastic to learn about GNU/Linux
2. they showed apperciation to the initiative
3. some teachers showed promising improvement in the 2nd day
4. the teachers @ Adeeb Wahba school installed GNU/Linux on 8 pcs on their own
5. the initiative to start delivering this knowledge to their students and to other people in the local society.

SSTE conference preparation

Laptops

We need Laptops to do demonstrations of GNU/Linux desktops in breaks between conference sessions.

follows is a list of people who promised to provide modern laptops

• MohammedSammeer
• Toni
• Angoranimi
• Ramez Hanna
• MarwaYoussef

follows is a list of people who promised to provide old laptops

• Alaa
• Ezabi

and here is a list of potential laptop owners, guys can you attend and bring your lappies??

• YoussefAssad
• SoppyBoy
• DJ-King

CDs

Since we where asked to represent arabization efforts (we will represent both EGLUG and Arabeyes), we would better distribute an Arabic enabled live distro.

Arabbix 0.8 is very out of date and has various problems, arabbix 0.9 is very alpha and wouldn't work, if we have enough time we will create a quick mod of Knoppix, Morphix or Mandrake Move.

otherwise we should have 5 copies of Arabbix 0.8 for demonstration purposes.

we will probably distyribute Knoppix, we tend to favour Move for its ease of use but this time I think features are more important than ease of use.

we shall also have 20 copies of phaeronix and hopefully phaeron will be there to demonstrate and tell the people about it.

Pamphlets

everything will be in arabic only, no need for dual and we can't afford it anyway

the important thing is to make a splash, we need brochures to tell about EGLUG, a draft is ready, we've got no time to do fancy formatting but maybe we'll manage something.

since the events don't provide much techinical info and rather focus on large aspects it would be nice to provide informational pamphlets, we'll use the ones we used on the InstallFest

it would also be nice if we distribute the alex case study acompanied by a list of future/potential case studies, anyone knows of good uses of FOSS in Egyptian organizations??

Presentation

we shall give a presentation about Arabic community efforts and arabization, we'll recycle slides from our old seminars in universities

attendance

the event is open to the public, I hope we get as many EGLUG members as is humanly possible to attend.

people attending (add your name here)

• Alaa
• Manal
• Toni
• Angoranimi
• Ezabi
• MoahmmedSameer
• Phaeron
• linux_addict (not so sure yet :( )
• Conceptor
• Red_Dot
• MarwaYoussef
• SeeKeR " depends on My Boss..hope he is in good mood "
• Mody
• BooDy

what else

University Course Outline

ArabDev/EGLUG Introduction to GNU/Linux workshop

training will be split into 3 parts, duration of each part is roughly 9 hours.

EGLUG volunteers will be quiclkly introducing concepts and covering abstract ideas, Trainees are expected to work out the details on their own.

In the third part one topic is is chosen and the trainees will attempt to learn it in details, the volunteers will be there to facilitate and help.

this plan is a prilimenary one, we expect to find among the trainees preexisting experience that may require changes in the plan, we also hope to integrate any such experience in the training (workshop style).

tha training will be done by EGLUG's most experienced volunteers, these volunteers are all active Free/Open Source developers and contributors mostly working in Arabization with the Arabeyes.org project.

Part 1: Free/Open Source Software background

1st Day, Session 1 (2 hours)

Historical Background

• History of GNU/Linux
  • Unix
  • GNU Project
  • Linux Kernel
  • LAMP stack
  • Today
• The FOSS Model
  • What is Free Software
  • What is Open Source Software
  • Copyleft and the GPL
• The FOSS community
  • Developers
  • Support and user communities
  • Academia

• Companies

• Benefits of FOSS and GNU/Linux pros
  • Macro Economical benefits
  • Low barrier of entry
  • Knowledge
  • Portability
  • scalability
  • reliability
  • Modularity
  • Security

1st Day, Session 2 (2:30 hours)

Quick Look at GNU/Linux

• Installation
  • GNU/Linux distributions
• Desktop Usage

2nd Day, Session 1 (2 hours)

Quick Look at GNU/Linux

• GNU/Linux operating system concepts and components
  • Unix heritage
  • Everything is a file
  • basic compo0nents and subsystems
  • The GNU/Linux security model

2nd Day, Session 2 (2:30 hours)

Quick Look at GNU/Linux

• Command Line Usage
  • command line basics
  • file manupilation
  • process control
  • text utilities
  • package management
  • task automation
  • network utilities
• Basic administration
  • wizards
  • configuration files

Learning More

• how to get help?
• how to ask questions?
• how to find documentation?
• how to find source code?
• resources

Part 2: GNU/Linux in Different Scenarios

1st Day, Session 1 (2 hours)

Deskop GNU/Linux

• GNU/Linux in the office
• Multimedia authering
• Scientific workstation
• alternative productivity

1st Day, Session 2 (2:30 hours)

GNU/Linux as a development platform

• languages
• basic development tools
• advanced development tools

GNU/Linux as a LAN server

• router/firewall
• file/print server
  • Unix environment
  • Windows environment
• remote access

2nd Day, Session 1 (2 hours)

GNU/Linux as an Internet server

• mail
• web
• more

2nd Day, Session 2 (2:30 hours)

GNU/Linux webdevelopment platform

• apache
• LAMP stack
• ZOPE
• prepackaged apps
• not only for the internet

Extreme uses

• embedded
• clusters
• thin clients

Part 3: Specialized workshop

based on feedback from the two previous parts one area of use is identified and explored in details.

Upgrading eglug.org to Drupal 4.7

We don't usually upgrade immediatly with a new release, it's always better to give it some time, if the release proves to be sound and safe, we upgrade. But until we decide to upgrade, let's make sure we will be ready for the upgrade when we want to.

What we should do now is to make sure that we have versions ready for Drupal 4.7 of the following components:

• The modules we use.
• Our php code snippets (which can be found in some nodes and blocks).
• Our theme(s).

Let's see what are we missing to achieve the goal above.

Modules (0 modules need to be resolved)

This is a list of all eglug.org contrib modules:

PHP Snippets

Nodes:

Blocks:

Themes

We have only one theme

This upgrading procedure is one of the eglug.org administrators team tasks. But of course everyone is more than welcome to volunteer in many ways, like porting remaining modules, correcting/updating this page (as for example, some of modules above my be updated later with a 4.7 port by Drupal community).

The PHP Snippets may not need any effort at all, the above list is actually the result of a search in the database for all nodes with inline PHP code. Also, not everyone may be able to edit these nodes, but let's keep it here for now to make this document a complete list.

Note

If you would volunteer in porting any code, it's recommended that you update this page to indicate this. That is to avoid having multiple volunteers working on the same thing without coordinating with each other.

Upgrading eglug.org to Drupal 5.x

Monitoring 5.x upgrade process.

Modules (12 modules need to be resolved)

This is a list of all eglug.org contrib modules and the availability of their 5.x versions:

PHP Snippets

Nodes:

Blocks:

• Icons Bar block (this block of icons on the left).

Themes

We have only one theme

• EGLUG theme.

This upgrading procedure is one of the eglug.org administrators team tasks. But of course everyone is more than welcome to volunteer in many ways, like porting remaining modules, correcting/updating this page (as for example, some of modules above my be updated later with a 5.x port by Drupal community).

The PHP Snippets may not need any effort at all, the above list is actually the result of a search in the database for all nodes with inline PHP code. Also, not everyone may be able to edit these nodes, but let's keep it here for now to make this document a complete list.

Note

If you would volunteer in porting any code, it's recommended that you update this page to indicate this. That is to avoid having multiple volunteers working on the same thing without coordinating with each other.

Using Screen

Ever happened to you while working on a compile or any other operation through ssh and just before the end you get disconnected and lose all the work in that session, how frustrating . . .

Well no more tears ! screen is here

Screen is simply a command that gives several virtual terminal from one ssh session and they don't expire with ssh

After you start your ssh session just type screen and start working and if the connection is diconected when you log back in just type screen -ls to list the screen sessions available, output as follows

then you type:

One last trick, if you want to logoff while the command executes you can detach screen using the CTRL-A + d key combination which gets you out of the screen session while it is still running then you can log out of the ssh session and then log back in and resume the screen session when appropriate, when you want to end the screen session just type exit in that session

READ THE DAMN MAN PAGES :)

Cheers..

Who is Attending Mark Spencer presentation

1. manal
2. alaa
3. Karim Ratib
4. Ezabi
5. Mohammed El-Hakim
6. alienbrain
7. Ashraf

how to merge media files

$ ogmcat file1.ogg file2.ogg file3.ogg -o merged.ogg

$ avimerge -i file1.avi file2.avi file3.avi -o merged.avi

mpegs are even nicer, you can simply concatenate them together

$ cat file1.mpg file2.mpg file3.mpg > merged.mpg

$ mkvmerge -o MyMovie-with-sound.mkv -A MyMovie.avi MyMovie.ogg

kuwait linux magazine

it contain few lessons about some basic command line, and an article about migrate from other environments to GNU/Linux and short review for some GNU/Linux applications.

it is all in Arabic

quick intro to drupal's cache system

Drupal modules can cache results of complex database queries in the cache table to reduce system load.

large drupal websites tend to have nodes and blocks with embedded php code, EGLUG has a bunch of php nodes but non of them involves complex queries.

however the iconbar block which is based on a flexinode type involves a relativly large number of queries, these queries get executed on every page view yet the content of the iconbar rarely changes.

so the eglug performance can be improved by caching the icon bar, admins please modify the block to look like this

<?php
$html = "";
$cid = "eglug:iconbar_block";
$cached = cache_get($cid);

if ($cached){
  $html = $cached->data;
} else {
  /* iconbar code here */
$html = /* put output here */;
cache_set($cid, $html, CACHE_PERMANENT);
}
print $html;
?>

so basically you select a unique identifier for the data you're about to cache or retireve from the cache table ($cid), cache_get attempts to load the data from cache, if it fails to find the data it returns 0.

if cache_get succeeds we simply print the cached data, if it fails we do our queries and generate the desired html, then store it in cache using cache_set before we print it.

cache_set takes an $expire argument, this can be a timestamp, CACHE_PERMANENT or CACHE_TEMPORARY, we chose CACHE_PERMANENT here because icon bar hardly ever changes, modules would usually take care of clearing the cache when needed, in eglug's case I guess admins will have to delete the 'eglug:iconbar_block' entry manually, or maybe create a php node that does that, all it takes is one single function call

<?php
cache_clear_all($cid);
?>

on manalaa.net for instance I have custom php blocks that list latest entires from Aggregator2 feeds, since aggregator2 runs every hour the cache $expire is set to time()+(60*60) to make it expire after an hour, highly volatile data should use CACHE_TEMPORARY which get's cleared on fairly regularly.

test upgrade

a 4.7 copy of eglug.org (08-11-2006 9:30 pm GMT+2) is now running over here: http://test.eglug.org/

see if you are good enough to spot some errors, and add them to the list..

• theme tables are ugly.
• revisions lost.
• lost diff module, no 4.7 version. a patch exists http://drupal.org/node/40414 but doesn't apply to recent HEAD. MSameer contributed the port to 4.7. Thanks!
• new access permissions introduced. need to check and assign them for roles.
• many hardcoded relative links where assuming <base> tag, in 4.7 we should manually prefix each link by base_path().

• flexinode. as in project page they mention that not all fields were ported to 4.7. all ported
• theme uses hardcoded forms, should use 4.7's Forms API.
• image_filter, diff, rankvote, wiki, members are all cvs modules. should test.
• consider the comments here http://www.eglug.org/upgrade_47 done, most of them suggest better ways of doing things.
• Search button in header is devoid of text.

احتفالية تنصيب لينكس، تعريف بالبرمجيات الحرة - 2007

الموعد: السبت 1-9-2007 الساعة 11 صباحا

المكان:

العنصر البشري: باب التطوع مفتوح للجميع، ونتمى أن يكون العدد مناسبا

العنصر المادي:

بالنسبة لفعاليات اليوم:

الأفكار الموجودة حتى الآن:

1. احتفالية تنصيب جنو لينكس تحديدا توزيعة اوبنتو كوبنتو.
2. جلسات وتشمل على:
   1. شرح "لفلسفة" البرمجيات الحرّة BooDy
   2. "مقدمه "لسطر اﻷوامر AMS
   3. تنصيب لينكس والتعريف بالواجهة الرسومية
   4. Linux for every level of users,, Advantages, cons, and Dual Booting - DGamer
   5. تعريف وشرح لفكرة "الويكي" zsamir and rana saied
   6. شرح الـ ار اس اس و social bookmarking dr_drsh
   7. تعريف وشرح للمبادرات العربية "عرب‌آيز كمثال"
   8. تعريف ببعض برمجيات الويب وورد برس كمثال
   9. دروبال
   10. شرح عن استخدامات جنو/لينكس في تأمين البيانات والشبكات واختبارات النفاذية (penetration testing)عزبي
   11. windows linux back2back عمر عبدالوهاب - DGamer
   12. audio
   13. أسئلة شائعة DJ KiNG
   14. لماذا تختار لينكس كنظام تشغيل Egyptianu
   15. Development on GNU/Linux (languages,compiler,IDE's ) Mnabil
   16. Security - Exploits (perl exploits - C_C++_Bugz - Flood - SPam - Programmerz Errorz by : ix-S3cur1ty

بعد الجدل الحاصل حول أسعار الدي اس ال البعض مهتم بجلسة عن اللاسلكي عن طريق علب الصفيح"المياه الغازية والسمنه" "مفتوح للإضافة"

""هل من الممكن كل متطوع يدخل يكتب هو ممكن يعمل ايه؟ممكن الناس متكسلش لو سمحتوا ؟؟؟؟؟؟""

أسماء المتطوعين من المجموعة

1. BooDy
2. alienbrain
3. ezabi
4. linuxawy
5. mogaio
6. MSameer
7. alwotwat
8. AMS
9. MaLek
10. phaeronix
11. Ahmed Mohamed Rabieh
12. aboyousif
13. Mnabil
14. fredmorcos
15. DJ KING
16. Rana Said
17. Amr Ahmed
18. Samer
19. moa7amed
20. dr_drsh
21. iMeMo
22. eg_linux
23. Nero
24. Ahmed Koraiem "DGamer"
25. Eman Abdel Razek
26. Egyptianu
27. محمد عادل
28. mostafa khattab
29. Moaz Reyad (Ubuntu Egypt LoCo Team)
30. tego
31. theSamo
32. Ibtihal Ahmed
33. Ix-S3cur1ty
34. TAREK EL-SAMNI
35. WAGIH EL BEDEWY
36. h-idrisi

يرجى اضافة اسمك ان كنت تود المشاركة

Flyer

use this flyer for printed material if anybody can get us a good offer to print 1000 of these in the next 24 hrs please say it here now or forever remain silent.

ملصق مهرجان تنصيب لينكس 2007

Banner 75% size

يوم جنو لينكس الخامس

احتفالية تنصيب جنو لينكس الخامسة

الموعد:
السبت 9-2-2008 الساعة 10 صباحا

المكان:

مسرح روابط"تم الحسم لصالح روابط"

الفعاليات:
تنصيب جنو لينكس للزوار بالإضافة للجلسات التقنية المقدمة من المتطوعين

المتطوعين:
برجاء تعديل الصفحة و إضافة اسمك لقائمة المتطوعين إذا أردت المساهمة

1. BooDy

1. Ezabi

1. Nero

1. dr_drsh

1. Ibrahim Taha
2. خالد حسني

يوم جنو لينوكس فى مكتبة مبارك العامة بالأورمان

الموعد :

الجمعة 27/1/2006

المكان :

مكتبة مبارك العامة 4 ش الطحاوية متفرع من شارع النيل الجيزة أمام مديرية أمن الجيزة

المشاركون :

1. Khaled Hosny
2. bestofnay
3. Ahmed Amin
4. Mohamed Tawfik (zamaliphe)
5. Mohamed Samy
6. Diaa Radwan (Conceptor)
7. BlueViper
8. MoudyMan (Ahmed Magdy)

الأنشطة :

__

1. introdcution to GNU/linux (Conceptor will do it )
2. linux and games. (who can do it)
3. open ofice .(who can do it)
4. how to install linux in your pc? (conceptor & bestofnay will help on it)
5. programming under linux. (who can do it)
6. the kind of desktop in linux kde&gnome. (Khaled Hosny will do it)
7. phaeronix live cd.(who can do it) is phaeronix ready or not will someone bring cds.
8. Linux Networking Services + DeskTop TroubleShooting. "Including "SMB, NFS, DHCP, BIND, FTP, APACHE, SQUID" (Ahmed Magdy)

ADD ANY ACTIVITY YOU WANT IN HERE

البرامج الموسيقية على لينوكس

حضر الجلسة ستة أعضاء باستثناء ضياء. كنت أتوقع أن يحضر ما لا يقل عن عشرة، لذا انتظرت حتى الخامسة والربع، ثم ابتدأنا الجلسة.

كنت قد خططت أن أركز على أنواع الملفات الشائعة الاستخدام فى إنتاج الموسيقى (وليس لمجرد الاستماع إليها)، وأن أعطى فكرة مختصرة عن البرامج التى تعطى هذه الأنواع من الملفات، فضلاً عن مقدمة عن التقنيات والمكتبات الضرورية لجعل كل ذلك ممكنـًا.

ناقشت أولاً ملفات الصوت .wav و .aiff ذات البيانات غير المضغوطة (بخلاف .mp3 مثلاً)، وأخذت الحاضرين فى زيارة خاطفة لمحررات الصوت: Audacity, Ardour, DAP, ReZound.

ثم أتى دور نوع .mid حيث ناقشت الفارق بينه وبين النوع الأول، مبيّنـًا كيف أنه يحتوى على بيانات الأداء وليس الصوت الناتج عن الأداء. ثم تبعت هذا بزيارة سريعة لـ Rosegarden (لم نتمكن من تشغيل MusE لسبب ٍ ما). أيضـًا ذكرت أن العيب الأساسى لملفات الـ MIDI هو أن جودة الصوت تعتمد كلية ً على معدات إصدار الصوت المستخدمة، ولذا فذات الملف يعطى أصواتـًا مختلفة تبعـًا لكروت الصوت أو أجهزة الأورج المستخدمة فى العزف.

ثم ناقشت ملفات الـ .mod التى تحتوى على بيانات الأداء وعينات من أصوات الآلات المستخدمة فى كل ملف. ثم أخذت الحاضرين فى جولة ٍ سريعة فى SoundTracker و CheeseTracker المتنافسين الرئيسيين.

بعدها تكلمت عن نوع .sf2 وهو عكس الـ .mid تمامـًا، إذ هو كالـ .mod بدون بيانات الأداء. وألقى الحاضرون نظرة سريعة على Swami و FluidSynth.

ثم تحدثت بسرعة عن مخلقات الصوت (مثل amSynth) وبرامج تجهيز الإيقاعات باعتبارها برامج مساعدة.

ثم بعد ذلك أعطيت مقدمة ً سريعة عن البرامج التحتية التى يعتمد عليها معظم، إن لم يكن كل، البرامج الموجودة لاستيفاء حاجاتها الأساسية للتعامل مع الصوت والـ MIDI: مثل ALSA, Jack, LADSPA, EcaSound .

وأخيرًا تكلمت باختصار ٍ شديد عن برامج كتابة النوتة الموسيقية (على الأخص NoteEdit و LilyPond) حيث لم يُبدِ معظم الحاضرين اهتمامـًا ب

لمزيد من المعلومات قم بزيارة الموقع المذكورالموسيقى المكتوبة.

InkScape تعلم برنامج الرسوم

الهدف من هذة السلسلة هو تعلم كيف تستخدم هذا البرنامج لعمل أيقونات متميزة.

الأسس

Inkscape محرر ممتاز للرسوم القابلة لتغيير حجمها SVG. يمكن عن طريقه عمل أيقونات رائعة بسهولة.فى هذا الجزء سوف تتعلم كيف تعد صفحتك لعمل أيقونات.

على جانب الصفحة تجد أزرار الأداوات، و أعلى الصفحة أزرار خاصة بكل أداة. اذا تركت المؤشر فوق أحد الأزرار سيظهر تلميح عن وظيفة الزر. يمكنك روئية حدود الورقة (الوثيقة) التى سترسم بداخلها.

يجب اعداد الورقة قبل البدء فى رسم الأيقونات. عادة ما تكون الايقونات مربعة لذا وجب اعداد الصفحة بحيث تكون مربعة أيضا.

من قائمة الحوارات (Dialogs menu), أضغط على أختيارات (Document Options). ستظعر نافذة مثل التالية. قم بتغير طول و عرض الورقة ليصيرا متساويان، فى حالتنا سنختار 64×64 و هو الحجم المتعارف عليه للأيقونات.

بعد ذلك، أستخدم عجلة الفأرة أو المتزلجات الجانبية و السفلية لنافذة InkScape الرئيسة لنوسط الورقة.

ثم، أستخدم مفتاح الـ + أو الـ - على لوحة مفاتيحك لتكبير ورقتنا. يمكنك أيضا أستخدام أداة الزووم فى الناحية السفلية على الجهة اليسرى من النافذة الرئيسة هكذا:

يمكنك كتابة أى قيمة تكبير تختارها فى هذا المربع.

الأن نحن على اتم الأستعداد للبدأ فى الرسم. لنختار (Fill and Stroke) و (Item Properties) من قائمة الحوارات (Dialogs menu). حرك هاتان النافذتان ليكونا فى وضع مريح لك، كهذا المثال :

الأيقونة الأولى

لنصنع أول ايقونة، فلغرد التبسيط سنصنع أيقونة مبسطة تماما، سوف تستخدم كمؤشر التواجد فى برنامج Gossip.

هل انت مستعد لعمل أول أيقونة على أنكسكايب ؟

ستتعلم معظم الأدوات التى قد تحتاجها لعمل أيقونات. الأيقونة التى سنرسمها سيكون شكلها هكذا:

>>ICON

أبدء برنامج Inkscape و جهز ورقتنا كما هو مكتوب فى الأسس.

1. أختر أداة الأختيار (Selection tool)
2. حرك دائرتك الى وسط النافذة بالنقر عليها و تحريكها.
3. و أنت ضاغط على مفتاحى ال Shift و ال Ctrl ، أستخدم مقبض التحجيم لتحول حجم الدائرة للمثال التالى:

>>SCREEN SHOT

أجعل أسلوب الملء (Fill Style) للمتدرج (Gradient) نافذة المتدرجات (Gradients Dialogue) شكلها هاكذا

>>>Screeshot

translation of How To Ask Questions The Smart Way

التنصل :

العديد من مواقع المشاريع بتحط رابط لهذه الوثيقة فى صفحة كيفية طلب المساعدة الخاصة بموقعهم. شيئ جميل . ده الاستخدام المقصود -- لكن لو انت مسئول عن موقع و بتحط الرابط ده فى موقع مشروعك , يا ريت توضح قريب من الرابط ان احنا مش الدعم الفنى المخصوص بالمشروع بتاعك !

احنا اتعلمنا بالطريقة الصعبة ان من غير الملحوظة دى هيتكرر اننا نستقبل رسائل مؤرفة كتير جدا من مجموعة مهاطيل معتقدين ان احنا بنشرنا للوثيقة دى نكون مسئولين عن حل المشاكل التقنية فى العالم كله.

لو كنت بتقرأ هذه الوثيقة بحثا عن مساعدة , و مشيت و انت واخد الانطباع ان انت ممكن تحصل عليها مباشرة من المؤلفين , يبقى انك واحد من المهاطيل المذكورين , لا تسألنا اى أسئلة , هنتجاهلها, احنا هنا علشان نوريك ازاى تحصل على المساعدة من الناس اللى فى الواقع يعرفوا عن البرامج او المعدات اللى انت بتتعامل معها, لكن بنسبة ٩٩% مش هيكونوا احنا, الا لو انت متأكد ان واحد من المؤلفين خبير فى الشيئ اللى بتتعامل معاه , سيبنا فى حالنا و الجميع هيكون مبسوط اكثر .

مقدمة:

فى دنيا الهاكرز نوع الاجابات اللى بتحصل عليها لاسئلتك التقنية يعتمد على الطريقة اللى بتسأل بها زى ما بيعتمد على صعوبة استنتاج الاجوبة , الدليل ده هيعلمك ازاى تسأل بطريقة تزود من فرص حصولك على الاجوبة التى ترضيك .

حاليا استخدام المصادر المفتوحة انتشر , عادة يمكنك الحصول على أجوبة من من مستخدمين اخر اكثر خبرة غير الهاكرز , ده شيئ جيد , المستخدمين بيميلوا لانهم يكونوا أكثر تسامحا مع نوع الفشل بتاع المبتدئين , لكن لا يزال التعامل مع المستخدمين الأكثر خبرة مثل الهاكرز بالطرق اللى بنقترحها هنا هيوصلك عامة لتخريج أحوبة مفيدة منهم, أيضا .

أول حاجة تفهمها ان الهاكرز فى الواقع بيحبوا المشاكل الصعبة , و الاسئلة الجيدة المثيرة للتفكير عن هذه المشاكل , لو لم نكن لما كنا هنا , لو اعطيتنا سؤال مثير للاهتمام نتسلى بيه هنكون شاكرين , الاسئلة الجيدة حافز و هدية , الاسئلة الجيدة بتساعدنا على تطوير فهمنا , و عادة بتكشف مشاكل يمكن مكناش لاحظناها أو فكرنا فيها , بين الهاكرز "سؤال جيد!" يعتبر تقدير قوى و مخلص .

على الرغم من هذا , الهاكرز لهم سمعة عن مقابلة الاسئلة البسيطة بما يبدو كعدوانية أو غرور , فى بعض الاحيان يظهر بشكل انعكاسى اننا وقحين مع المبتدئين و الجاهلين , لكن ده مش حقيقى فعل ا

احنا بدون اعتذار عدوانيين تجاه الناس الذين لا يبدو ان عندهم الرغبة فى التفكير او عمل واجباتهم المنزلية قبل ان يسألوا , ناس زى دول بيشفطوا الوقت -- بياخذوا و لا يردوا , بيضيعوا وقت كان من الممكن انوا يستخدم فى الرد على سؤال اخر اكثر اهمية و شخص اخر احق بالرد عليه , الناس دول بنطلق عليهم الفشلة .

ونحن ندرك ان هناك الكثير من الناس لا يريدون سوى استخدام البرامج نكتب ، وليس لها من مصلحة في التعلم من التفاصيل التقنيه. For most people, a computer is merely a tool, a means to an end; they have more important things to do and lives to live. بالنسبة لمعظم الناس ، والحاسوب هو مجرد اداة ، وسيلة لتحقيق غاية لها اشياء اكثر اهمية للقيام حياة والعيش. We acknowledge that, and don't expect everyone to take an interest in the technical matters that fascinate us. ونحن نعترف بان ، ولا نتوقع ان يتخذ كل فرد لديه مصلحة في الامور الفنية التي اسحر علينا. Nevertheless, our style of answering questions is tuned for people who do take such an interest and are willing to be active participants in problem-solving. ومع ذلك ، فإن فرض اسلوب الاجابه عن الاسءله هو ليتوافق مع الشعب من القيام اتخاذ مثل هذا الاهتمام وعلى استعداد للمشاركة فعالة في حل المشاكل. That's not going to change. وهذا لن يؤدي الى تغيير. Nor should it; if it did, we would become less effective at the things we do best. ولا ينبغي له ؛ اذا فعلت ذلك ، نود ان اصبح اقل فعالية في امور نفعل افضل.

We're (largely) volunteers. نحن (الى حد كبير) متطوعين. We take time out of busy lives to answer questions, and at times we're overwhelmed with them. ونحن من يحتاج الى وقت مشغول حياة للاجابة على الاسءله ، ونحن في بعض الاحيان تطغى معها. So we filter ruthlessly. مرشح لذلك نحن بلا رحمة. In particular, we throw away questions from people who appear to be losers in order to spend our question-answering time more efficiently, on winners. على وجه الخصوص ، ونحن رمى بعيدا عن اسءله الناس من الخاسرين ويبدو ان تنفق من أجل الاجابه على سؤالنا - الوقت بكفاءه أكبر ، وعلى الفائزين.

If you find this attitude obnoxious, condescending, or arrogant, check your assumptions. اذا وجدت ان هذا الموقف البغيض ، والتنازل ، او الغطرسه ، والتحقق من الافتراضات الخاصة بك. We're not asking you to genuflect to us — in fact, most of us would love nothing more than to deal with you as an equal and welcome you into our culture, if you put in the effort required to make that possible. نحن لا نطلب منكم اركع لنا -- فى الحقيقة ، معظمنا الحب ليس اكثر من التعامل معك كشريك على قدم المساواة وارحب بكم في ثقافتنا ، وانك اذا وضعت في الجهد المطلوب لجعل ذلك ممكنا. But it's simply not efficient for us to try to help people who are not willing to help themselves. ولكن ببساطة ليست فعالة بالنسبة لنا في محاولة لمساعدة الناس على من ليسوا على استعداد لمساعدة انفسهم. It's OK to be ignorant; it's not OK to play stupid. انه موافق على ان الجاهل ؛ انه غير موافق للعب غبيه.

So, while it isn't necessary to already be technically competent to get attention from us, it is necessary to demonstrate the kind of attitude that leads to competence — alert, thoughtful, observant, willing to be an active partner in developing a solution. ذلك ، وفي حين انه ليس من الضروري ان يكون بالفعل من الناحية الفنية المختصة للحصول على الاهتمام منا ، ومن الضروري لاثبات نوع من الموقف الذي يؤدي الى اختصاص -- الانذار ، ومدروس ، ملاحظ ، على استعداد لتكون شريكا نشطا فى ايجاد حل. If you can't live with this sort of discrimination, we suggest you pay somebody for a commercial support contract instead of asking hackers to personally donate help to you. اذا كنت لا تستطيع العيش مع هذا النوع من التمييز ، نقترح عليك أن تدفع شخص ما لعقد تجاري لدعم العقد بدلا من مطالبة القراصنه تبرع شخصيا لمساعدة لكم.

If you decide to come to us for help, you don't want to be one of the losers. اذا قررت ان تأتي الينا للمساعدة ، كنت لا تريد ان تكون من الخاسرين. You don't want to seem like one, either. كنت لا تريد ان تبدو مثل واحد ، اما. The best way to get a rapid and responsive answer is to ask it like a person with smarts, confidence, and clues who just happens to need help on one particular problem. أفضل طريقة للحصول على استجابة سريعه والجواب هو ان يطلب اليها مثل شخص يشعر بالخجل ، والثقة ، والقرائن ويحدث من مجرد الحاجة الى مساعدة احد على مشكلة معينة.

(Improvements to this guide are welcome. You can mail suggestions to [email protected] or [email protected] . Note however that this document is not intended to be a general guide to netiquette , and we will generally reject suggestions that are not specifically related to eliciting useful answers in a technical forum.) (ادخال تحسينات على هذا الدليل هي موضع ترحيب. يمكنك إرسال الاقتراحات الى [email protected] او [email protected] ومع ملاحظه ان هذه الوثيقة لا يقصد بها ان تكون دليلا عاما للnetiquette ، وعموما نحن نرفض ان الاقتراحات لا تتصل تحديدا الى الحصول على اجابات مفيدة في المنتدى التقني.) Before You Ask قبل ان تسأل

Before asking a technical question by e-mail, or in a newsgroup, or on a website chat board, do the following: وقبل أن أطرح مسألة تقنيه عن طريق البريد الالكتروني ، أو في مجموعة الأخبار ، أو على موقع على شبكة الانترنت الدردشه المجلس ، والقيام بما يلي :

1.

Try to find an answer by searching the archives of the forum you plan to post to. في محاولة لإيجاد إجابة عن طريق البحث في الأرشيف للمنتدى كنت تخطط لفترة ما بعد الى. 2.

Try to find an answer by searching the Web. في محاولة لإيجاد إجابة عن طريق البحث في الشبكه العالمية. 3.

Try to find an answer by reading the manual. في محاولة لإيجاد إجابة عن طريق قراءة الدليل. 4.

Try to find an answer by reading a FAQ. في محاولة لايجاد اجابة الاسءله الشاءعه في القراءة. 5.

Try to find an answer by inspection or experimentation. في محاولة لإيجاد إجابة عن طريق التفتيش او الاختبار. 6.

Try to find an answer by asking a skilled friend. في محاولة لإيجاد إجابة السؤال ماهرة صديق. 7.

If you're a programmer, try to find an answer by reading the source code. اذا كنت مبرمج ، في محاولة لإيجاد إجابة عن طريق قراءة شفره المصدر.

When you ask your question, display the fact that you have done these things first; this will help establish that you're not being a lazy sponge and wasting people's time. عندما كنت أسأل سؤالك ، تظهر حقيقة ان ما قمتم به ، أول هذه الاشياء ؛ هذا من شأنه ان يساعد انشاء انك لا يشكل كسلان الاسفنج واضاعة وقت الناس. Better yet, display what you have learned from doing these things. والافضل من ذلك ، عرض ما لديك علم عن القيام به هذه الاشياء. We like answering questions for people who have demonstrated they can learn from the answers. ونحن مثل الاجابه عن الاسءله من الناس لانها اثبتت ان نتعلم من الاجابات.

Use tactics like doing a Google search on the text of whatever error message you get (searching Google groups as well as Web pages). استخدام تكتيكات مثل أداء صور البحث عن نص رسالة الخطأ أيا كانت تحصل عليه (البحث عن صور المجموعات فضلا عن صفحات الويب). This might well take you straight to fix documentation or a mailing list thread answering your question. هذا قد ياخذك مباشرة الى تحديد الوثائق في قائمة بريديه او خيط الاجابه على سؤالك. Even if it doesn't, saying “ I googled on the following phrase but didn't get anything that looked promising ” is a good thing to do in e-mail or news postings requesting help, if only because it records what searches won't help. وحتى اذا لم يحدث ذلك ، قائلا : "انا googled على العبارة التالية ولكن لم احصل على اي شيء واعدا" امر جيد ان تفعل في البريد الالكتروني او اخبار التعيينات التي تطلب المساعدة ، اذا كان فقط لأنه ما سجلات عمليات البحث وفاز ' ر مساعدة. It will also help to direct other people with similar problems to your thread by linking the search terms to what will hopefully be your problem and resolution thread. وستساعد ايضا على شعب آخر المباشر مع مشاكل مماثلة الى حسابك في الخيط من خلال ربط مصطلحات البحث الى ما يؤمل أن المشكلة التي تعاني منها والخيط القرار.

Take your time. خذ الوقت الكافي. Do not expect to be able to solve a complicated problem with a few seconds of Googling. لا نتوقع ان تكون قادرة على حل مشكلة معقدة مع بضع ثوان من googling. Read and understand the FAQs, sit back, relax and give the problem some thought before approaching experts. قراءة وفهم الاسءله المتكررة ، ويستريح ، والاسترخاء واعطاء هذه المشكلة قبل ان تقترب من الفكر وبعض الخبراء. Trust us, they will be able to tell from your questions how much reading and thinking you did, and will be more willing to help if you come prepared. نحن على ثقة ، انهم سيتمكنون من أسئلتك اقول كم القراءة والتفكير فعلتم ، وسوف يكون اكثر استعدادا للمساعدة اذا كنت على استعداد. Don't instantly fire your whole arsenal of questions just because your first search turned up no answers (or too many). لا النار فورا الخاص بك ترسانة كاملة من الاسءله الخاصة بك لمجرد ان البحث الاولي ولم يتمخض الاجوبه (أو كثيرة جدا).

Prepare your question. اعداد سؤالك. Think it through. اعتقد انه من خلال. Hasty-sounding questions get hasty answers, or none at all. - التسرع في الحصول على سبر الاسءله اجابات متسرعه ، أو لا شيء على الاطلاق. The more you do to demonstrate that having put thought and effort into solving your problem before seeking help, the more likely you are to actually get help. وكلما لاثبات ان تفعل بعد ان طرح الفكر والجهد في حل المشكلة التي تعاني منها قبل طلب المساعدة ، على الارجح انت فعلا الى الحصول على مساعدة.

Beware of asking the wrong question. حذار من السؤال السؤال الخطأ. If you ask one that is based on faulty assumptions, J. Random Hacker is quite likely to reply with a uselessly literal answer while thinking “ Stupid question... ”, and hoping the experience of getting what you asked for rather than what you needed will teach you a lesson. اذا طلبت من احد ان يقوم على افتراضات خاطءه ، J. عشواءيه هاكر على الارجح للرد بشكل عديم الفاءده الحرفي مع التفكير في حين ان الاجابه "سؤال غبي..." ، وآملا في الحصول على تجربة ما طلبته بدلا من التركيز على ما انت بحاجة وسوف يعلمك درسا.

Never assume you are entitled to an answer. أبدا تحمل يحق لك جوابا. You are not; you aren't, after all, paying for the service. انت لا ؛ انت لا ، على كل حال ، دفع لهذه الخدمة. You will earn an answer, if you earn it, by asking a substantial, interesting, and thought-provoking question — one that implicitly contributes to the experience of the community rather than merely passively demanding knowledge from others. هل سيحصلون على جواب ، اذا كنت تكسب ، ومطالبة كبيرة ، للاهتمام ، ويشحذ الفكر مسألة -- واحد ضمنا ان تساهم الخبرة المكتسبه من المجتمع بدلا من مجرد طلب المعرفه بشكل سلبي من الآخرين.

On the other hand, making it clear that you are able and willing to help in the process of developing the solution is a very good start. ومن ناحية اخرى ، مما يوضح ان كنت قادرا وعلى استعداد للمساعدة في عملية وضع الحل هو بداية طيبة جدا. “ Would someone provide a pointer? ”, “ What is my example missing? ”, and “ What site should I have checked? ” are more likely to get answered than “ Please post the exact procedure I should use. ” because you're making it clear that you're truly willing to complete the process if someone can just point you in the right direction. "شخص ما من شأنه ان يوفر المؤشر؟" ، و "ما هو مثالي المفقودين؟" ، و "ما الموقع الذي يجب ان تأكد لي؟" على الارجح للحصول على رد من "يرجى على وجه الدقه ما بعد اجراء لي أن أستخدم." أنك موضحه إن كنت حقا على استعداد لاكمال العملية اذا كان هناك من يمكن لكم مجرد نقطة في الاتجاه الصحيح. When You Ask عندما كنت أسأل Choose your forum carefully اختر منتدى بعناية

Be sensitive in choosing where you ask your question. ان تراعى في اختيار حيث كنت أسأل سؤالك. You are likely to be ignored, or written off as a loser, if you: يمكن أن تكون أنت تجاهلها ، او شطب خاسرا ، وإذا كنت :

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post your question to a forum where it's off topic نشر سؤالك الى منتدى يمكن فيه لانها تخرج عن الموضوع *

post a very elementary question to a forum where advanced technical questions are expected, or vice-versa مرحلة ما بعد الابتداءيه للغاية في المساله الى المنتدى مسائل تقنيه متقدمة حيث من المتوقع ، او العكس بالعكس *

cross-post to too many different newsgroups عبر عدد كبير جدا من الوظائف لمختلف مجموعات الأخبار *

post a personal e-mail to somebody who is neither an acquaintance of yours nor personally responsible for solving your problem بعد شخصي البريد الالكتروني لشخص ما ليس من التعارف وجود لك ولا مسؤولا بصفة شخصية عن حل مشكلتك

Hackers blow off questions that are inappropriately targeted in order to try to protect their communications channels from being drowned in irrelevance. القراصنه ضربة من الاسءله التي هي في غير موضعها المستهدفة فى محاولة لحمايه مصالحها من قنوات الاتصال لقوا مصرعهم غرقا في عدم جواز الاحتجاج. You don't want this to happen to you. كنت لا تريد لهذا أن يحدث لكم.

The first step, therefore, is to find the right forum. الخطوة الاولى ، ولذلك ، هو العثور على الحق في المنتدى. Again, Google and other Web-searching methods are your friend. مرة اخرى ، وصور وغيرها من اساليب البحث على شبكة الانترنت هي رفيقك. Use them to find the project webpage most closely associated with the hardware or software giving you difficulties. استخدامها للعثور على صفحة ويب معظم المشاريع التي ترتبط ارتباطا وثيقا أجهزة او برامج اعطائك الصعوبات. Usually it will have links to a FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) list, and to project mailing lists and their archives. وعادة ما سيكون لها روابط الى الاسءله الشاءعه (اسءله واجوبه) قائمة ، ومشروع لقوائم عناوين البريد الالكتروني والمحفوظات. These mailing lists are the final places to go for help, if your own efforts (including reading those FAQs you found) do not find you a solution. هذه القوائم البريديه النهائي الذهاب الى اماكن للمساعدة ، اذا كانت جهودكم (بما لكم قراءة هذه الاسءله المتكررة وجدت) لا تجد لك الحل. The project page may also describe a bug-reporting procedure, or have a link to one; if so, follow it. الصفحه المشروع ويمكن ايضا وصفا لعله - اجراءات تقديم التقارير ، او وصلة لأحد ؛ واذا كان الامر كذلك ، ومتابعته.

Shooting off an e-mail to a person or forum which you are not familiar with is risky at best. اطلاق النار من اي بالبريد الالكتروني الى شخص او المنتدى الذي أنت لم تكن مالوفه مع خطر هو في احسن الاحوال. For example, do not assume that the author of an informative webpage wants to be your free consultant. فعلى سبيل المثال ، لا تفترض ان صاحب اعلامي على صفحة الويب الخاصة بك تريد ان تكون حرة خبير استشاري. Do not make optimistic guesses about whether your question will be welcome — if you're unsure, send it elsewhere, or refrain from sending it at all. لا تجعل التفاؤل التكهنات حول ما إذا كان سؤالك سيكون محل ترحيب -- اذا كنت غير متأكد ، وارسل الى مكان آخر ، او تمتنع عن ارسال عليها على الاطلاق.

When selecting a Web forum, newsgroup or mailing list, don't trust the name by itself too far; look for a FAQ or charter to verify your question is on-topic. عند اختيار شبكة منتدى ، مجموعة الاخبار او القوائم البريديه ، لا يثقون الاسم في حد ذاته بعيدا ؛ البحث عن الاسءله الشاءعه او ميثاق للتحقق من سؤالك - على الموضوع. Read some of the back traffic before posting so you'll get a feel for how things are done there. قراءة بعض من عودة حركة المرور قبل النشر وهكذا لن تضطر في التعود على الكيفيه التي تجري بها الامور هناك. In fact, it's a very good idea to do a keyword search for words relating to your problem on the newsgroup or mailing list archives before you post. في الواقع ، انها فكرة جيدة جدا للقيام الكلمات الرئيسية للبحث عن الكلمات المتعلقة مشكلتك على مجموعة الاخبار او ارشيف القوائم البريديه قبل ان تقوم بعد. It may find you an answer, and if not it will help you formulate a better question. إن كنت قد تجد اجابة ، واذا لم يكن الامر سوف تساعدك على وضع هذه المساله على نحو افضل.

Don't shotgun-blast all the available help channels at once, that's like yelling and irritates people. لا بندقيه - الانفجار كل القنوات المتاحة للمساعدة في مرة واحدة ، مثل هذا الصراخ ويهيج الناس. Step through them softly. خطوة منها عن طريق ناعم.

Know what your topic is! نعرف ما هو الموضوع الخاص بك! One of the classic mistakes is asking questions about the Unix or Windows programming interface in a forum devoted to a language or library or tool portable across both. واحدة من الاخطاء هو كلاسيكي واستفسرت عن يونيكس او واجهة برمجة ويندوز في منتدى مخصص لاو اللغة او مكتبه او عبر أداة محمولة على حد سواء. If you don't understand why this is a blunder, you'd be best off not asking any questions at all until you get it. اذا كنت لا أفهم السبب في ذلك هو خطأ ، وكنت افضل ان لا نطلب من اي اسءله على الاطلاق حتى تحصل عليه.

In general, questions to a well-selected public forum are more likely to get useful answers than equivalent questions to a private one. وبصفة عامة ، بالاضافة الى مسائل عامة مختارة - منتدى الارجح للحصول على اجابات مفيدة من الاسءله ما يعادل واحدا الى القطاع الخاص. There are multiple reasons for this. وهناك أسباب متعددة لذلك. One is simply the size of the pool of potential respondents. واحد هو مجرد حجم مجموعة من الردود المحتملة. Another is the size of the audience; hackers would rather answer questions that educate many people than questions serving only a few. وثمة عامل آخر هو حجم الجمهور ؛ القراصنه بدلا من الرد على الاسءله التي تثقيف العديد من الناس من الاسءله التي تخدم سوى عدد قليل.

Understandably, skilled hackers and authors of popular software are already receiving more than their fair share of mis-targeted messages. ومن المفهوم ان المتسللين والمهرة واضعي البرامج الشعبية هي بالفعل تلقى اكثر من نصيبها العادل من الرسائل التي تستهدف نظم المعلومات الاداريه. By adding to the flood, you could in extreme cases even be the straw that breaks the camel's back — quite a few times, contributors to popular projects have withdrawn their support because collateral damage in the form of useless e-mail traffic to their personal accounts became unbearable. عن طريق اضافة الى الفيضانات ، يمكنك القيام بذلك حتى في الحالات القصوى ان يكون سترو ان تكسر ظهر الجمل -- عدد غير قليل من الأحيان ، إلى المساهمة في المشاريع الشعبية قد سحبت دعمها لان الاضرار الجانبية في شكل البريد الالكتروني عديم الفاءده حركة المرور الى الحسابات الشخصيه لل واصبح لا يطاق. Web and IRC forums directed towards newbies often give the quickest response منتديات الإنترنت والموجهة نحو المركز newbies في كثير من الاحيان اسرع استجابة

Your local user group, or your Linux distribution, may advertise a Web forum or IRC channel where newbies can get help. مجموعة المستخدم المحلي الخاص بك ، او توزيع لينكس الخاص بك ، قد اعلن على شبكة الانترنت او المركز منتدى قناة newbies حيث يمكن الحصول على مساعدة. (In non-English-speaking countries newbie forums are still more likely to be mailing lists.) These are good first places to ask, especially if you think you may have tripped over a relatively simple or common problem. (في غير البلدان الناطقه بالانكليزية مبتدئ المنتديات لا تزال اكثر من المرجح ان تكون القوائم البريديه.) وهذه هي أولى جيدة اماكن لاسال ، لا سيما إذا كنت تعتقد أنك قد تكون اكثر متعثر بسيطة نسبيا او مشكلة مشتركة. An advertised IRC channel is an open invitation to ask questions there and often get answers in real time. الاعلان عن وجود قناة المركز هو دعوة مفتوحة لطرح الاسءله وهناك في كثير من الاحيان احصل على اجوبه في الوقت الحقيقي.

In fact, if you got the program that is giving you problems from a Linux distribution (as common today), it may be better to ask in the distro's forum/list before trying the program's project forum/list. وفي الواقع ، اذا كنت قد حصلت وهذا هو البرنامج مما يتيح لك المشاكل من توزيعات لينكس (كما المشتركة اليوم) ، وقد يكون من الافضل ان تسأل في منتدى distro / قائمة قبل محاولة البرنامج مشروع المنتدى / قائمة. The project's hackers may just say, “ use our build ”. المشروع قد المتسكعين فقط ان اقول ، "استعمل البناء".

Before posting to any Web forum, check if it has a Search feature. قبل ان ترسل رسالة إلى أي منتدى على الشبكه العالمية ، ومعرفة ما اذا كان لديها ميزة البحث. If it does, try a couple of keyword searches for something like your problem; it just might help. إذا فعلت ذلك ، حاول اثنين من الكلمات الرئيسية للبحث عن شيء مثل مشكلتك ، بل قد يساعد فقط. If you did a general Web search before (as you should have), search the forum anyway; your Web-wide search engine might not have all of this forum indexed recently. اذا كنت لم عامة للبحث في صفحات الانترنت قبل (كما ينبغي ان يكون) ، بحث المنتدى على أية حال ؛ الويب الخاص بك - محرك البحث على نطاق واسع قد لا يكون جميع من في هذا المنتدى مفهرسه في الاونة الاخيرة.

There is an increasing tendency for projects to do user support over a Web forum or IRC channel, with e-mail reserved more for development traffic. وهناك ميل متزايد للمشاريع لدعم ما يزيد على القيام مستخدم على الشبكه العالمية منتدى قناة او المركز ، والتعامل مع البريد الالكتروني أكثر محفوظة للتنمية حركة المرور. So look for those channels first when seeking project-specific help. فانظر لتلك القنوات الأولى عند طلب مساعدة لمشاريع محددة. As a second step, use project mailing lists وكخطوه ثانية ، ومشروع استخدام القوائم البريديه

When a project has a development mailing list, write to the mailing list, not to individual developers, even if you believe you know who can best answer your question. عندما أطلق مشروع التنمية القائمة البريديه ، والكتابة الى القائمة البريديه ، وليس لفرد مطورين ، حتى اذا كنت تعتقد انك تعرف افضل من يستطيع الاجابه على سؤالك. Check the documentation of the project and its homepage for the address of a project mailing list, and use it. التحقق من وثائق المشروع وعنوان الصفحه الرئيسية للمشروع من القائمة البريديه ، واستخدامها. There are several good reasons for this policy: وهناك عدة أسباب وجيهه لهذه السياسة :

*

Any question good enough to be asked of one developer will also be of value to the whole group. أي مسألة جيدة بما فيه الكفايه لأحد ان يطلب من المطور وسوف يكون ذا قيمة ايضا لتلك المجموعة. Contrariwise, if you suspect your question is too dumb for a mailing list, it's not an excuse to harass individual developers. على النقيض من ذلك ، اذا كنت تظن سؤالك غبيه جدا لقائمة بريديه ، انها ليست ذريعة لمضايقه الفرديه مطورين. *

Asking questions on the list distributes load among developers. طرح الاسءله على لائحة توزيع الحموله فيما بين المطورين. The individual developer (especially if he's the project leader) may be too busy to answer your questions. الفرد المطور (لا سيما اذا كان للرئيس المشروع (قد تكون مشغوله جدا للإجابة على اسئلتكم. *

Most mailing lists are archived and the archives are indexed by search engines. معظم القوائم البريديه الارشيف والمحفوظات مفهرسه بحسب محركات البحث. If you ask your question on-list and it is answered, a future querent could find your question and the answer on the Web instead of asking it again. اذا كنت أسأل سؤالك - على قائمة والاجابه هي انه ، في المستقبل querent يمكن ان تجد سؤالك والجواب على شبكة الانترنت بدلا من مطالبة مرة اخرى. *

If certain questions are seen to be asked often, developers can use that information to improve the documentation or the software itself to be less confusing. واذا كانت بعض الاسءله التي ينظر اليها على ان يطلب في كثير من الاحيان ، يمكن للمطورين استخدام تلك المعلومات لتحسين وثائق او البرنامج نفسه الى ان تكون اقل التشويش. But if those questions are asked in private, nobody has the complete picture of what questions are asked most often. ولكن اذا كانت تلك هي الاسءله التي طلب في القطاع الخاص ، لا احد لديه صورة كاملة عن ما طرح الاسءله في اغلب الاحيان.

If a project has both a “ user ” and a “ developer ” (or “ hacker ”) mailing list or Web forum, and you are not hacking on the code, ask in the “ user ” list/forum. اذا كان هذا المشروع على حد سواء "المستخدم" و "مطور" (او "هاكر" (قائمة بريديه او منتدى على الشبكه العالمية ، وأنت لا تقطيع على المدونه ، اسال في "المستخدم" قائمة / المنتدى. Do not assume that you will be welcome on the developer list, where they're likely to experience your question as noise disrupting their developer traffic. لا تفترض ان انت سيكون محل ترحيب على قائمة المطور ، حيث انهم من المرجح ان التجربه سؤالك ضجيجا المطور على تعطيل حركة المرور.

However, if you are sure your question is non-trivial, and you get no answer in the “ user ” list/forum for several days, try the “ developer ” one. ومع ذلك ، اذا كنت متاكد من سؤالك غير تافهه ، وكنت احصل على أي جواب في "المستخدم" قائمة / المنتدى لعدة أيام ، في محاولة "المطور" واحدة. You would be well advised to lurk there for a few days before posting to learn the local folkways (actually this is good advice on any private or semi-private list). هل يستحسن ان ترصد هناك لبضعة أيام قبل النشر لمعرفة folkways المحلية (وهذا هو في الواقع على اي نصيحه جيدة خاصة او شبه خاصة قائمة).

If you cannot find a project's mailing list address, but only see the address of the maintainer of the project, go ahead and write to the maintainer. اذا لم تتمكن من العثور مشروع القائمة البريديه للمعالجة ، ولكن فقط أنظر العنوان من maintainer من المشروع ، والمضي قدما في الكتابة الى maintainer. But even in that case, don't assume that the mailing list doesn't exist. ولكن حتى في تلك الحاله ، لا تفترض ان القائمة البريديه التي لا وجود له. Mention in your e-mail that you tried and could not find the appropriate mailing list. اذكر في البريد الالكتروني الخاص بك ولقد حاولت أن تعذر العثور على المناسبه القائمة البريديه. Also mention that you don't object to having your message forwarded to other people. اذكر ايضا ان كنت لا يعترض على رسالتك وبعد أن أحيل الى اشخاص آخرين. (Many people believe that private e-mail should remain private, even if there is nothing secret in it. By allowing your message to be forwarded you give your correspondent a choice about how to handle your e-mail.) (كثير من الناس يعتقدون ان البريد الالكتروني الخاص ينبغي أن يظل القطاع الخاص ، حتى اذا كان هناك اي شيء في السر. بالسماح رسالتك على ان تقدم لكم قم مراسل الاختيار حول كيفية التعامل مع البريد الالكتروني الخاص بك.) Use meaningful, specific subject headers استخدام ذات مغزى ، موضوع محدد رؤوس

On mailing lists, newsgroups or Web forums, the subject header is your golden opportunity to attract qualified experts' attention in around 50 characters or fewer. المدرجه في القوائم البريديه ، المجموعات الاخباريه او المنتديات على الشبكه العالمية ، وهذا الموضوع هو العنوان الخاص بك فرصة ذهبية لخبراء مؤهلين وجذب اهتمام في حوالى 50 حرفا أو أقل. Don't waste it on babble like “ Please help me ” (let alone “ PLEASE HELP ME!!!! ”; messages with subjects like that get discarded by reflex). لا النفايات على الضجيج مثل "يرجى مساعدتي" (ناهيك عن "الرجاء مساعدتي!"! ؛ الرسائل مع مواضيع مثل التخلص من قبل ان احصل على رد الفعل). Don't try to impress us with the depth of your anguish; use the space for a super-concise problem description instead. لا تحاول اقناع لنا عمق الخاص بك الكرب ؛ استخدام الفضاء لعظمى موجزة وصف المشكلة بدلا من ذلك.

One good convention for subject headers, used by many tech support organizations, is “ object - deviation ”. جيد واحد على اتفاقيه لرؤوس الموضوع ، وتستخدم من قبل العديد من المنظمات دعم فني ، هو "وجوه -- الانحراف". The “ object ” part specifies what thing or group of things is having a problem, and the “ deviation ” part describes the deviation from expected behavior. "وجوه" الجزء يحدد شيء ما أو مجموعة من الأشياء هو وجود مشكلة ، و "الانحراف" ويصف الجزء الانحراف عن السلوك المتوقع.

Stupid: غبي :

HELP! مساعدة! Video doesn't work properly on my laptop! الفيديو لا يشتغل على الكمبيوتر المحمول بلدي! Smart: الذكيه :

X.org 6.8.1 misshapen mouse cursor, Fooware MV1005 vid. X.org 6.8.1 ممسوخ مؤشر الماوس ، fooware mv1005 vid. chipset الشرائح Smarter: اذكي :

X.org 6.8.1 mouse cursor on Fooware MV1005 vid. X.org 6.8.1 مؤشر الماوس على fooware mv1005 vid. chipset - is misshapen الشرائح -- هو ممسوخ

The process of writing an “ object-deviation ” description will help you organize your thinking about the problem in more detail. عملية كتابة "اوجه الانحراف" وصف يساعدك على تنظيم الخاصة بك التفكير في المشكلة بمزيد من التفصيل. What is affected? ما هو المتضرر؟ Just the mouse cursor or other graphics too? مجرد مؤشر الماوس او غيرها من الرسومات ايضا؟ Is this specific to the X.org version of X? هذا هو محدد الى x.org الاصدار العاشر من؟ To version 6.8.1? الى النسخه 6.8.1؟ Is this specific to Fooware video chipsets? هذا هو على وجه التحديد fooware رقائق الفيديو؟ To model MV1005? نموذج لmv1005؟ A hacker who sees the result can immediately understand what it is that you are having a problem with and the problem you are having, at a glance. أ هاكر من يرى ان النتيجة يمكن ان يفهم على الفور ان ما هو انت مع وجود مشكلة ومشكلة انت بعد ، في لمحة.

More generally, imagine looking at the index of an archive of questions, with just the subject lines showing. وبوجه اعم ، تصوروا عند النظر الى الرقم القياسي للارشيف من الاسءله ، فقط مع هذا الموضوع تبين الخطوط. Make your subject line reflect your question well enough that the next guy searching the archive with a question similar to yours will be able to follow the thread to an answer rather than posting the question again. اجعل سطر الموضوع تعكس سؤالك جيدا بما فيه الكفايه في ان يكون الاجتماع المقبل غي البحث في ارشيف مع سؤال مماثل للك ان يتابعوا الخيط الى الاجابه بدلا من نشر هذه المساله مرة اخرى.

If you ask a question in a reply, be sure to change the subject line to indicate that you're asking a question. اذا كنت اطرح سؤال في رده ، تأكد من تغيير سطر الموضوع تشير إلى أن كنت طالبا في مسألة ما. A Subject line that looks like “ Re: test ” or “ Re: new bug ” is less likely to attract useful amounts of attention. موضوع خط يشبه "اعادة : اختبار" او "اعادة : البق الجديدة" هو اقل احتمالا لجذب كميات مفيدة من الاهتمام. Also, pare quotation of previous messages to the minimum consistent with cluing in new readers. كما ان الاسعار المعدلة للرسائل السابقة الى الحد الادنى الذي يتفق مع دلالة جديدة في القراء.

Do not simply hit reply to a list message in order to start an entirely new thread. ببساطة لا تصل الى قائمة ردا على رسالة من اجل البدء في موضوع جديد تماما. This will limit your audience. هذا وسوف تحد من جمهورك. Some mail readers, like mutt, allow the user to sort by thread and then hide messages in a thread by folding the thread. بريد بعض القراء ، مثل المغفل ، يتيح للمستعمل الترتيب حسب الخيط ثم اخفاء الرسائل في الموضوع من قبل للطي الخيط. Folks who do that will never see your message. من أهل ذلك لن أنظر رسالتك.

Changing the subject is not sufficient. تغيير الموضوع لا يكفي. Mutt, and probably other mail readers, looks at other information in the e-mail's headers to assign it to a thread, not the subject line. المغفل ، وربما غيرها من قراء البريد ، وتنظر الى غيرها من المعلومات في البريد الالكتروني للرؤوس ان يسند الى الخيط ، وليس سطر الموضوع. Instead start an entirely new e-mail. وبدلا من بداية جديدة تماما البريد الالكتروني.

On Web forums the rules of good practice are slightly different, because messages are usually much more tightly bound to specific discussion threads and often invisible outside those threads. منتديات الانترنت على قواعد الممارسه الجيدة هي مختلفة قليلا ، لان الرسائل عادة ما تكون اكثر بكثير باحكام ملزمة لمناقشة محددة وخيوط غير مرئية في كثير من الأحيان خارج تلك الخيوط. Changing the subject when asking a question in reply is not essential. تغيير الموضوع عندما تطلب وردا على سؤال ليست ضروريه. Not all forums even allow separate subject lines on replies, and nearly nobody reads them when they do. لا تسمح للجميع المحافل حتى خطوط موضوعا منفصلا عن الردود ، وتقريبا لا أحد يقرأ لهم عندما تفعل ذلك. However, asking a question in a reply is a dubious practice in itself, because it will only be seen by those who are watching this thread. ومع ذلك ، فان مطالبة سؤال في رده هو مشكوك فيه الممارسه في حد ذاته ، لأنه لن يؤدي الا الى أن ينظر اليه من قبل من هم في مشاهدة هذا الخيط. So, unless you are sure you want to ask only the people currently active in the thread, start a new one. كذلك ما لم ، انت متأكد من انك تريد فقط ان نسأل الشعب العاملة حاليا في الخيط ، بداية جديدة. Make it easy to reply تجعل من السهل على الرد

Finishing your query with “ Please send your reply to... ” makes it quite unlikely you will get an answer. الانتهاء من الاستفسار مع "يرجى ارسال الرد على..." يجعل من غير المحتمل تماما انك سوف تحصل على الجواب. If you can't be bothered to take even the few seconds required to set up a correct Reply-To header in your mail agent, we can't be bothered to take even a few seconds to think about your problem. اذا كنت لا يمكن ازعجت الى اتخاذ بضع ثوان حتى اللازمة لانشاء صحيحة الرد الى العنوان غير موجود في بريدك الوكيل ، ونحن لا يمكن ازعجت الى اتخاذ بضع ثوان حتى الى التفكير في المشكلة التي تعاني منها. If your mail program doesn't permit this, get a better mail program . اذا كان برنامج البريد الالكتروني الخاص بك لا تسمح بذلك ، الحصول على معلومات افضل برنامج بريد. If your operating system doesn't support any e-mail programs that permit this, get a better operating system. اذا كان نظام التشغيل الخاص بك لا يدعم اي برامج البريد الالكتروني التي تسمح لهذا ، الحصول على معلومات افضل ونظام التشغيل.

In Web forums, asking for a reply by e-mail is outright rude, unless you believe the information may be sensitive (and somebody will, for some unknown reason, let you but not the whole forum know it). في منتديات الانترنت ، مطالبين بالحصول على رد عن طريق البريد الالكتروني هو rude الصريحة ، الا اذا كنت مقتنعا بأن المعلومات قد تكون حساسه (وسوف شخص ما ، غير معروف بالنسبة لبعض السبب ، ولكن ليس لك كله يعرف ان المنتدى). If you want an e-mail copy when somebody replies in the thread, request that the Web forum send it; this feature is supported almost everywhere under options like “ watch this thread ”, “ send e-mail on answers ”, etc. إذا أردت أن البريد الإلكتروني نسخة عند شخص ما في ردود الخيط ، وطلب ان يرسله على الشبكه العالمية منتدى ؛ ويدعم هذه الميزه في كل مكان تقريبا في اطار الخيارات مثل "مشاهدة هذا الخيط" ، و "ارسال البريد الالكتروني على اجوبه" ، الخ. Write in clear, grammatical, correctly-spelled language في الكتابة واضحة وقواعد اللغة ، اللغة بشكل صحيح - توضيح

We've found by experience that people who are careless and sloppy writers are usually also careless and sloppy at thinking and coding (often enough to bet on, anyway). لقد وجدنا من خلال التجربه هي ان الناس من غير المدروسه وsloppy الكتاب وعادة ما تكون ايضا بالاهمال وsloppy في التفكير والترميز (وكثيرا ما يكفي لالرهان علي ، على أي حال). Answering questions for careless and sloppy thinkers is not rewarding; we'd rather spend our time elsewhere. الاجابه عن الاسءله لsloppy بالاهمال والمفكرين ليست مجزيه ؛ كنا بدلا من انفاق وقتنا في اماكن اخرى.

So expressing your question clearly and well is important. واذ تعرب عن ذلك السؤال واضح وبالاضافة الى أمر هام. If you can't be bothered to do that, we can't be bothered to pay attention. اذا كنت لا تستطيع ان تكون ازعجت ان نفعل ذلك ، فاننا لا يمكن ازعجت الى ايلاء الاهتمام. Spend the extra effort to polish your language. انفاق الجهد الاضافي الى اللغة البولنديه. It doesn't have to be stiff or formal — in fact, hacker culture values informal, slangy and humorous language used with precision. انه ليس بالضروره ان يكون الشرسه او الرسمي -- فى الحقيقة ، هاكر الثقافة والقيم غير الرسمية ، ومضحك لغوي عامي اللغة المستخدمة بدقة. But it has to be precise; there has to be some indication that you're thinking and paying attention. ولكن يجب ان يكون دقيقا ؛ ويجب ان يكون هناك ما يشير الى ان انك تفكر والانتباه.

Spell, punctuate, and capitalize correctly. توضيح ، نقط ، والاستفادة بشكل صحيح. Don't confuse “ its ” with “ it's ”, “ loose ” with “ lose ”, or “ discrete ” with “ discreet ”. لا نخلط بين "ب" مع "انه" ، و "فضفاضة" مع "تفقد" ، او "المتميزة" مع "رصين". Don't TYPE IN ALL CAPS; this is read as shouting and considered rude. لا النوع في جميع القبعات ؛ وهذا هو نصها كما الصراخ ونظرت rude. (All-smalls is only slightly less annoying, as it's difficult to read. Alan Cox can get away with it, but you can't.) (جميع smalls - ألا يقل قليلا مزعج ، لأنه من الصعب قراءتها. كوكس الآن يمكن ان تفلت من العقاب ، ولكن لا يمكنك ان.)

More generally, if you write like a semi-literate boob you will very likely be ignored. وبوجه اعم ، إذا كنت أكتب مثل الخطأ شبه الملمين بالقراءه والكتابة لكم ومن المرجح جدا ان تتجاهله. So don't use instant-messaging shortcuts. حتى لا تستخدم المراسله الفوريه - اختصارات. Spelling "you" as "u" makes you look like a semi-literate boob to save two entire keystrokes. املائي "انت" "ش" يجعلك تبدو شبه الملمين بالقراءه والكتابة لانقاذ اثنين من الخطأ كله ضربات المفاتيح. Worse: writing like a l33t script kiddie hax0r is the absolute kiss of death and guarantees you will receive nothing but stony silence (or, at best, a heaping helping of scorn and sarcasm) in return. أسوأ من ذلك : مثل كتابة السيناريو l33t الطفل hax0r هو قبلة الموت المطلقة والضمانات التي ستحصل على الصمت ولا شيء غير حجري (أو ، في أحسن الأحوال ، يكوم مساعدة من الازدراء والتهكم) في العودة.

If you are asking questions in a forum that does not use your native language, you will get a limited amount of slack for spelling and grammar errors — but no extra slack at all for laziness (and yes, we can usually spot that difference). اذا كنت طرح الاسءله في المنتدى ان لا تستخدم اللغة الاصليه الخاصة بك ، سوف تحصل على كمية محدودة من الركود لالاخطاء الاملاءيه والنحويه -- ولكن عدم احتساب اي تراخ في كل لكسل (ونعم ، يمكننا ان الفرق عادة البقعه). Also, unless you know what your respondent's languages are, write in English. ايضا ، الا اذا كنت تعرف ما هي المدعي الخاص بك لغات ، وتكتب باللغه الانجليزيه. Busy hackers tend to simply flush questions in languages they don't understand, and English is the working language of the Internet. مشغول المتسكعين تميل الى الاحمرار مجرد اسءله في اللغات فهم لا يفهمون ، واللغة الانجليزيه هي لغة العمل في شبكة الانترنت. By writing in English you minimize your chances that your question will be discarded unread. من خلال كتابة باللغه الانكليزيه في التقليل الى أدنى حد من فرصك لك أن سؤالك سيتم التخلص منها غير مقروء. Send questions in accessible, standard formats ارسال الاسءله في الوصول اليها ، والاشكال النموذجيه لل

If you make your question artificially hard to read, it is more likely to be passed over in favor of one that isn't. اذا كنت تجعل من الصعب على سؤالك بطريقة مصطنعة ليصبح نصها كما يلي ، ومن الارجح ان يكون في تجاوزها لمصلحة احد ان لا يكون. So: ذلك :

*

Send plain text mail, not HTML. ارسال البريد الالكتروني نص عادي ، وليس لغة تأشير النص الفائق. (It's not hard to turn off HTML .) (أنه ليس من الصعب ايقاف تشغيل لغة تأشير النص الفائق.) *

MIME attachments are usually OK, but only if they are real content (such as an attached source file or patch), and not merely boilerplate generated by your mail client (such as another copy of your message). وعادة ما تكون تمثيليه صامتة ملحقات طيب ، ولكن فقط اذا كانت مضمون حقيقي (مثل تولي ملف المصدر او التصحيح) ، وليس مجرد النمطي التي تولدها بريدك العملاء (مثل آخر نسخة من رسالتك). *

Don't send e-mail in which entire paragraphs are single multiply-wrapped lines. عدم ارسال البريد الالكتروني في كامل الفقرات التي هي واحدة مضاعفة خطوط الملفوفه. (This makes it too difficult to reply to just part of the message.) Assume that your respondents will be reading mail on 80-character-wide text displays and set your line wrap accordingly, to something less than 80. (وهذا يجعل من الصعب جدا الرد على مجرد جزء من الرسالة.) نفترض ان المدعي الخاص بك وسيتم قراءة البريد الالكتروني على 80 حرفا - عرض النص على نطاق واسع وقم الخط الختاميه وبناء على ذلك ، الى شيء اقل من 80. *

However, do not wrap data (such as log file dumps or session transcripts) at any fixed column width. ومع ذلك ، لا لف البيانات (مثل ملف الدخول او مقالب الدورة نسخ) في أي عرض محدد العمود. Data should be included as-is, so respondents can have confidence that they are seeing what you saw. ينبغي ان تدرج البيانات كما هو ، حتى يمكن ان يكون لها ثقة المجيبين انهم رؤية ما رأيت. *

Don't send MIME Quoted-Printable encoding to an English-language forum. لا ترسل تمثيليه صامتة للطبع - ونقلت الى ترميز اللغة الانكليزيه المنتدى. This encoding can be necessary when you're posting in a language ASCII doesn't cover, but many e-mail agents don't support it. هذا يمكن ان يكون من الضروري ترميز عندما كنت في نشر لغة اسكي لا يغطي ، ولكن العديد من وكلاء البريد الالكتروني لا يؤيده. When they break, all those =20 glyphs scattered through the text are ugly and distracting — or may actively sabotage the semantics of your text. عندما كسر ، كل هذه = 20 glyphs متناثره من خلال نص قبيحة واشغال -- ايار / مايو بنشاط او تخريب للدلاليه النص الخاص بك. *

Never, ever expect hackers to be able to read closed proprietary document formats like Microsoft Word or Excel. ابدا ، ابدا المتسللين ونتوقع ان تكون قادرة على قراءة مغلقة وثيقة من وثائق ملكيه الاشكال مثل مايكروسوفت وورد او اكسل. Most hackers react to these about as well as you would to having a pile of steaming pig manure dumped on your doorstep. معظم المتسللين عن الرد على هذه وكذلك بعد ان كنت على كومة من السماد المغرقه تبخير خنزير على عتبة داركم. Even when they can cope, they resent having to do so. حتى وان كانت قادرة على التفاوض ، بعد ان استاء لذلك. *

If you're sending e-mail from a Windows machine, turn off Microsoft's stupid “ Smart Quotes ” feature. اذا كنت ارسال البريد الالكتروني من ويندوز آلة ، وايقاف تشغيل مايكروسوفت غبي "الذكيه ونقلت" الميزه. This is so you'll avoid sprinkling garbage characters through your mail. وهذا هو وهكذا لن تضطر تجنب القمامه ورش حرفا من خلال البريد الالكتروني الخاص بك. *

In Web forums, do not abuse “ smiley ” and “ HTML ” features (when they are present). في منتديات الانترنت ، وعدم اساءة استعمال "وجه مبتسم" و "لغة تأشير النص الفائق" السمات (عندما الوقت الحاضر). A smiley or two is usually OK, but colored fancy text tends to make people think you are lame. وجه مبتسم احد أو اثنين عادة طيب ، ولكن المنقوشه الملونة النص يميل الى جعل الناس يفكرون انت عرجاء. Seriously overusing smileys and color and fonts will make you come off like a giggly teenage girl, which is not generally a good idea unless you are more interested in sex than answers. افراط في استعمال الوجوه الضاحكه خطير واللون والخطوط وسوف تجعلك تأتي من مثل giggly فتاة في سن المراهقه ، وهي ليست فكرة جيدة بصفة عامة ، الا اذا كنت أكثر اهتماما في ممارسة الجنس من الاجابات.

If you're using a graphical-user-interface mail client such as Netscape Messenger, MS Outlook, or their ilk, beware that it may violate these rules when used with its default settings. اذا كنت تستخدم واجهة رسوميه لمستخدمي البريد الالكتروني - واجهة العملاء مثل نتسكيب رسول ، السيدة التوقعات ، او الجنس ، حذار انه قد ينتهكون هذه القواعد عندما تستخدم مع الاعدادات الافتراضيه. Most such clients have a menu-based “ View Source ” command. معظم هؤلاء العملاء قائمة على اساس "عرض المصدر" القيادة. Use this on something in your sent-mail folder, verifying sending of plain text without unnecessary attached crud. استخدام هذا على شيء في ارسال البريد الالكتروني الخاص بك مجلد ، والتحقق من ارسال نص عادي من دون لزوم لها تعلق الخام. Be precise and informative about your problem يكون دقيقا وغني بالمعلومات عن مشكلتك

*

Describe the symptoms of your problem or bug carefully and clearly. وصف أعراض المشكلة التي تعاني منها أو علة واضح ودقيق. *

Describe the environment in which it occurs (machine, OS, application, whatever). وصف البيئة التي يحدث فيها (الإله ، السراج ، والتطبيق ، وأيا كان). Provide your vendor's distribution and release level (eg: “ Fedora Core 7 ”, “ Slackware 9.1 ”, etc.). البائع الخاصة بك تقديم والافراج عن مستوى التوزيع (على سبيل المثال : "فيدورا الاساسية (7)" ، "سلاكوير 9،1" ، وما الى ذلك). *

Describe the research you did to try and understand the problem before you asked the question. وصف البحث فعلتم لمحاولة فهم المشكلة وقبل السؤال. *

Describe the diagnostic steps you took to try and pin down the problem yourself before you asked the question. وصف التشخيص لكم اتخذت خطوات في محاولة لخفض الرقم المشكلة قبل انت سألت نفسك السؤال. *

Describe any possibly relevant recent changes in your computer or software configuration. وصف أي ربما ذات الصلة التغييرات الاخيرة فى جهاز الكمبيوتر الخاص بك او برامج التكوين.

Do the best you can to anticipate the questions a hacker will ask, and answer them in advance in your request for help. هل يمكنك ان افضل لاستباق الاسءله التي سيطلب أ هاكر ، وأجيب عليها مسبقا في طلبك للحصول على مساعدة.

Simon Tatham has written an excellent essay entitled How to Report Bugs Effectively . سيمون tatham ممتازة كتبت مقالة عنوانها كيفية تقرير البق على نحو فعال. I strongly recommend that you read it. وأوصي بشدة ان تقرأ. Volume is not precision ليس حجم الدقه

You need to be precise and informative. عليك ان تكون دقيقة وغنية بالمعلومات. This end is not served by simply dumping huge volumes of code or data into a help request. هذه الغاية هى التى لا تخدمها بكل بساطة القاء كميات ضخمة من البيانات المدونه او الى طلب المساعدة. If you have a large, complicated test case that is breaking a program, try to trim it and make it as small as possible. اذا كانت لديك كبيرة ومعقدة حالة اختبار وهذا هو كسر برنامج ، في محاولة لتقليم وجعله اصغر ما يمكن.

This is useful for at least three reasons. وهذا امر مفيد لأسباب ثلاثة على الأقل. One: being seen to invest effort in simplifying the question makes it more likely you'll get an answer, Two: simplifying the question makes it more likely you'll get a useful answer. الاول : ينظر اليه للاستثمار الجهد في مسألة تبسيط يجعل من الارجح سوف تحصل على اجابة ، وهما : مسألة تبسيط يجعل من الارجح سوف تحصل على اجابة مفيدة. Three: In the process of refining your bug report, you may develop a fix or workaround yourself. الثالث : في عملية التحسين على علة التقرير ، يمكنك تحديد أو وضع حل نفسك. Don't claim that you have found a bug لا ندعي ان لديك وجدت علة

When you are having problems with a piece of software, don't claim you have found a bug unless you are very, very sure of your ground. عندما واجهت مشكلات مع قطعة من البرامج ، لا ندعي لديك الا اذا وجدت عله انت جدا جدا للتأكد من حسابك ارض الواقع. Hint: unless you can provide a source-code patch that fixes the problem, or a regression test against a previous version that demonstrates incorrect behavior, you are probably not sure enough. تلميح : اذا لم يمكنك ان توفر مصدرا لقانون التصحيح - ان يحدد المشكلة ، او التراجع عن اختبار ضد النص السابق يدل على ان السلوك غير صحيحة ، وربما أنت غير متأكد بما فيه الكفايه. This applies to webpages and documentation, too; if you have found a documentation “ bug ”, you should supply replacement text and which pages it should go on. وينطبق ذلك على صفحات الويب والوثائق ، ايضا ، إذا كنت قد وجدت وثائق "علة" ، يجب ان استبدال نص العرض والصفحات التي يجب ان تستمر.

Remember, there are many other users that are not experiencing your problem. تذكر ان هناك العديد من المستخدمين الآخرين التي لا تعاني من المشكلة التي تعاني منها. Otherwise you would have learned about it while reading the documentation and searching the Web (you did do that before complaining, didn't you ?). والا كنت قد تعلمنا عنه اثناء قراءة الوثائق والبحث في الشبكه العالمية (انت لم تفعل ذلك قبل ان تشتكي ، أليس كذلك؟). This means that very probably it is you who are doing something wrong, not the software. وهذا يعني انه من المحتمل جدا ان لكم ان تفعل شيئا من الخطأ ، وليس البرامج.

The people who wrote the software work very hard to make it work as well as possible. شعب كتب من البرامج تعمل بجد لجعله العمل وكذلك ممكن. If you claim you have found a bug, you'll be impugning their competence, which may offend some of them even if you are correct. اذا كنت لديك المطالبة وجدت عله ، فسوف يكون التفنيد اختصاصها ، والتي قد تسيء الى بعض منها حتى لو كنت على صواب. It's especially undiplomatic to yell “ bug ” in the Subject line. ولا سيما انه غير دبلوماسية ليصيح "علة" في سطر الموضوع.

When asking your question, it is best to write as though you assume you are doing something wrong, even if you are privately pretty sure you have found an actual bug. عند طلب سؤالك ، من الافضل ان يكتب كما لو كنت أنت تحمل نفعل شيئا خطأ ، حتى لو انت متأكد من انك جميلة من القطاع الخاص وقد وجدت فعلى علة. If there really is a bug, you will hear about it in the answer. اذا كان هناك فعلا هو علة ، ستسمع عن ذلك في الجواب. Play it so the maintainers will want to apologize to you if the bug is real, rather than so that you will owe them an apology if you have messed up. ولذلك تقوم به مشرفون يريد أن أعتذر لكم اذا كان هو علة حقيقية ، وليس حتى يتسنى لك مدينون لهم الاعتذار اذا كان لديك messed. Grovelling is not a substitute for doing your homework Grovelling ليست بديلا عن العمل المنزلي الخاص بك

Some people who get that they shouldn't behave rudely or arrogantly, demanding an answer, retreat to the opposite extreme of grovelling. بعض الناس من الحصول على انه لا ينبغي لها ان تتصرف بوقاحه او بعجرفه ، تطالب جواب ، إلى عكس ذلك التراجع الشديد للgrovelling. “ I know I'm just a pathetic newbie loser, but... ”. "وانا اعلم انا مجرد مبتدئ للشفقة الخاسر ، ولكن...". This is distracting and unhelpful. وهذا هو اشغال وغير مفيد. It's especially annoying when it's coupled with vagueness about the actual problem. انه مزعج وخصوصا عندما يقترن 'sالغموض عن واقع المشكلة.

Don't waste your time, or ours, on crude primate politics. لا النفايات وقتكم ، او لنا ، على الخام الرئيسيات السياسة. Instead, present the background facts and your question as clearly as you can. وبدلا من ذلك ، عرض وقائع ومعلومات أساسية عن سؤالك كما هو واضح ما تستطيع. That is a better way to position yourself than by grovelling. وهذا هو افضل طريقة لنفسك الموقف من جانب grovelling.

Sometimes Web forums have separate places for newbie questions. في بعض الاحيان على الشبكه العالمية المنتديات اماكن منفصلة للمبتدئ الاسءله. If you feel you do have a newbie question, just go there. اذا كنت تظن انك مبتدئ أن يكون السؤال ، مجرد الذهاب الى هناك. But don't grovel there either. لا تذلل ولكن هناك ايضا. Describe the problem's symptoms, not your guesses وصف أعراض المشكلة ، وليس التكهنات الخاصة بك

It's not useful to tell hackers what you think is causing your problem. ومن غير المفيد ان تقول رأيك في المتسكعين يسبب المشكلة التي تعاني منها. (If your diagnostic theories were such hot stuff, would you be consulting others for help?) So, make sure you're telling them the raw symptoms of what goes wrong, rather than your interpretations and theories. (اذا كان تشخيص هذه النظريات هي مادة ساخنه ، هل يكون استشارة لمساعدة الآخرين؟) ذلك ، تأكد من انك يقولون لهم الخام من أعراض ما يجري خطأ ، بدلا من النظريات والتفسيرات الخاصة بك. Let them do the interpretation and diagnosis. هل نسمح لها تفسير والتشخيص. If you feel it's important to state your guess, clearly label it as such and describe why that answer isn't working for you. اذا كنت تظن انه من المهم ان الدولة الخاصة بك تخمين ، علامة واضحة على هذا النحو ووصف ان الجواب هو لماذا لا تعمل لصالح لكم.

Stupid: غبي :

I'm getting back-to-back SIG11 errors on kernel compiles, and suspect a hairline crack on one of the motherboard traces. انني اتلقى من ظهر الى ظهر sig11 نواة يجمع على الاخطاء ، والاشتباه منبت الشعر الكراك على واحد من آثار اللوحه. What's the best way to check for those? ما هي افضل طريقة للتأكد من تلك؟ Smart: الذكيه :

My home-built K6/233 on an FIC-PA2007 motherboard (VIA Apollo VP2 chipset) with 256MB Corsair PC133 SDRAM starts getting frequent SIG11 errors about 20 minutes after power-on during the course of kernel compiles, but never in the first 20 minutes. بيتي - k6/233 بني على اللوحه pa2007 - fic (عن طريق الشرائح vp2 ابولو) مع 256 ميجابايت SDRAM corsair pc133 يبدأ sig11 الاخطاء المتكررة للوصول الى حوالي 20 دقيقة بعد على السلطة اثناء نواة يجمع ، ولكن لم يحدث قط في الدقائق ال 20 الاولى . Rebooting doesn't restart the clock, but powering down overnight does. اعادة تشغيل لا اعادة عقارب الساعة ، ولكن هل تشغيل اسفل بين عشية وضحاها. Swapping out all RAM didn't help. المقايضه بها كل رام لم يساعد. The relevant part of a typical compile session log follows. ذات الصلة جزءا من الدورة النموذجيه تجميع سجل التالي.

Since the preceding point seems to be a tough one for many people to grasp, here's a phrase to remind you: "All diagnosticians are from Missouri." منذ النقطه السابقة ويبدو ان صعبة بالنسبة لكثير من الناس على الفهم ، واليك عبارة أذكركم : "جميع مشخص الامراض هم من ميسوري". That US state's official motto is "Show me" (earned in 1899, when Congressman Willard D. Vandiver said "I come from a country that raises corn and cotton and cockleburs and Democrats, and frothy eloquence neither convinces nor satisfies me. I'm from Missouri. You've got to show me.") In diagnosticians' case, it's not a matter of skepticism, but rather a literal, functional need to see whatever is as close as possible to the same raw evidence that you see, rather than your surmises and summaries. ان الولايات المتحدة شعار الدولة الرسمي هو "ارني" (حصل في عام 1899 ، عندما ويلارد في الكونغرس دال vandiver قال "انا انتمي الى بلد ان يثير والذرة والقطن وcockleburs والديمقراطيين ، ومزبد بلاغة لا يقتنع ولا يرضى لي أنا من ميسوري. عندك لاظهار لى. ") مشخص الامراض فى' حال ، انها ليست على سبيل التشكك ، وانما والحرفي والفنية بحاجة الى ان نرى ما هو أقرب ما يمكن الى نفس الخام دليل على ان ترى ، بل من الظنون والملخصات الخاصة بك. Show us. وتظهر لنا. Describe your problem's symptoms in chronological order وصف المشكلة التي تعاني منها أعراض حسب التسلسل الزمني

The clues most useful in figuring out something that went wrong often lie in the events immediately prior. القرائن ومفيدة للغاية في الاعتقاد بان شيئا من أصل الخطأ الذي كثيرا ما تكمن في الاحداث التي سبقت مباشرة. So, your account should describe precisely what you did, and what the machine and software did, leading up to the blowup. ذلك ، ينبغي أن يصف حسابك بالضبط ما فعلتم ، ولما لم آله والبرمجيات ، وصولا الى بلو أب. In the case of command-line processes, having a session log (eg, using the script utility) and quoting the relevant twenty or so lines is very useful. في حالة قيادة خط العمليات ، وبعد ان سجل دوره (على سبيل المثال ، باستخدام البرنامج النصي المنفعه) ونقلا عن والعشرين ذات الصلة أو حتى خطوط مفيد جدا.

If the program that blew up on you has diagnostic options (such as -v for verbose), try to select options that will add useful debugging information to the transcript. اذا كان البرنامج الذي نسفت لقد كنت على تشخيص الخيارات (مثل لمضجر - الخامس) ، في محاولة لتحديد الخيارات التي سوف تضيف المعلومات المفيدة لتصحيح الاخطاء نسخة. Remember that more is not necessarily better; try to choose a debug level that will inform rather than drowning the reader in junk. تذكر أن أكثر يست بالضروره أفضل ؛ محاولة لاختيار مستوى التصحيح التي تعلم بدلا من ان يغرق القارئ في الزباله.

If your account ends up being long (more than about four paragraphs), it might be useful to succinctly state the problem up top, then follow with the chronological tale. اذا كان حسابك ينتهي يجري طويلة (اكثر من حوالي اربع فقرات) ، قد يكون من المفيد لمشكلة الدولة وجيزة حتى اعلى ، ومن ثم اتباع التسلسل الزمني مع الحكايه. That way, hackers will know what to watch for in reading your account. وبهذه الطريقة ، وسوف تعرف ما هي المتسكعين لمشاهدة لحسابك في القراءة. Describe the goal, not the step وصف الهدف ، وليس خطوة

If you are trying to find out how to do something (as opposed to reporting a bug), begin by describing the goal. اذا كنت تحاول التعرف على كيفية القيام بشيء ما) بدلا من الابلاغ عن وقوع علة) ، ابدا وصف الهدف. Only then describe the particular step towards it that you are blocked on. وعندئذ فقط وصف ولا سيما ان خطوة نحو سد على انت.

Often, people who need technical help have a high-level goal in mind and get stuck on what they think is one particular path towards the goal. في كثير من الاحيان ، الناس من الحاجة للمساعدة التقنيه قد رفيع المستوى في الاعتبار الهدف والحصول على تلصق على ما اعتقد هو أحد وخاصة الطريق المؤدي الى الهدف. They come for help with the step, but don't realize that the path is wrong. وهم ياتون للحصول على مساعدة هذه الخطوة ، ولكنها لا تدرك أن الطريق الخطأ. It can take substantial effort to get past this. قد يستغرق جهدا كبيرا للحصول على هذا الماضي.

Stupid: غبي :

How do I get the color-picker on the FooDraw program to take a hexadecimal RGB value? كيف أحصل على اللون بيكر - على foodraw برنامج لاتخاذ ستعشري RGB قيمة؟ Smart: الذكيه :

I'm trying to replace the color table on an image with values of my choosing. انا محاولة ليحل محل اللون على الجدول مع صورة من بلدي اختيار القيم. Right now the only way I can see to do this is by editing each table slot, but I can't get FooDraw's color picker to take a hexadecimal RGB value. الآن الطريقة الوحيدة التي استطيع ان ارى لتحقيق ذلك هي عن طريق تعديل الجدول كل فتحة ، لكنني لا استطيع ان احصل على foodraw الوان منتق لاتخاذ ستعشري RGB القيمه.

The second version of the question is smart. الإصدار الثاني من السؤال هو الذكيه. It allows an answer that suggests a tool better suited to the task. انها تسمح اجابه ان تقترح وسيلة اكثر ملائمة لهذه المهمة. Don't ask people to reply by private e-mail لا تسأل الناس من القطاع الخاص للرد البريد الالكتروني

Hackers believe solving problems should be a public, transparent process during which a first try at an answer can and should be corrected if someone more knowledgeable notices that it is incomplete or incorrect. القراصنه نعتقد حل المشاكل ينبغي ان تكون عامة ، وخلال عملية تتسم بالشفافيه والتي تحاول اولا في الاجابه يمكن وينبغي تصحيحه ادري اذا كان هناك من ملاحظات انها غير كاملة او غير صحيحة. Also, helpers get some of their reward for being respondents from being seen to be competent and knowledgeable by their peers. ايضا ، الحصول على مساعدات من بعض مكافاه ليجري من المجيبين ينظر اليه على انه المختصة ومعرفة من قبل نظرائهم.

When you ask for a private reply, you are disrupting both the process and the reward. عندما تسألون عن القطاع الخاص وردا على ذلك ، أنت على حد سواء الى تعطيل العملية ومكافاه. Don't do this. لا تفعل ذلك. It's the respondent's choice whether to reply privately — and if he does, it's usually because he thinks the question is too ill-formed or obvious to be interesting to others. ومن المدعى عليه الى اختيار ما إذا كان الرد من القطاع الخاص -- واذا كان لا ، فهو عادة لأنه يرى ان السؤال هو ايضا اساءة واضحة لتشكيل او للاهتمام الآخرين.

There is one limited exception to this rule. وهناك استثناء محدود واحد لهذه القاعده. If you think the question is such that you are likely to get many answers that are all closely similar, then the magic words are “ e-mail me and I'll summarize the answers for the group ”. اذا كنت تعتقد ان مثل هذا السؤال هو ان انت من المحتمل ان احصل على الكثير من الاجوبه التي كلها وثيقة مماثلة ، ثم الكلمات السحريه "البريد الالكتروني لي وأنا تلخيص الاجابات بالنسبة لمجموعة". It is courteous to try and save the mailing list or newsgroup a flood of substantially identical postings — but you have to keep the promise to summarize. ومن لطف في محاولة لانقاذ القائمة البريديه او مجموعة الاخبار طوفان من الاعلانات مطابقه كبيرة -- ولكن عليك ان تبقى لتلخيص الوعد. Be explicit about your question يكون صريحا عن سؤالك

Open-ended questions tend to be perceived as open-ended time sinks. اسءله مفتوحة تميل الى ان تكون ينظر اليها على انها مفتوحة الوقت المصارف. Those people most likely to be able to give you a useful answer are also the busiest people (if only because they take on the most work themselves). هؤلاء الناس من الأرجح ان تكون قادرة على اعطاء جواب مفيد لكم ايضا ازدحاما الشعب (إذا كان فقط لانها تأخذ على نفسها معظم العمل). People like that are allergic to open-ended time sinks, thus they tend to be allergic to open-ended questions. اشخاص مثل الحساسيه التي هي مفتوحة في الوقت المصارف ، وبالتالي فإنها تميل إلى أن تكون حساسيه اسءله مفتوحة.

You are more likely to get a useful response if you are explicit about what you want respondents to do (provide pointers, send code, check your patch, whatever). أنت أكثر احتمالا للحصول على استجابة مفيدة اذا كنت صريحا حول ما تريد ان تفعل المجيبين (تقديم مؤشرات ، وارسال المدونه ، افحص التصحيح ، وأيا كانت). This will focus their effort and implicitly put an upper bound on the time and energy a respondent must allocate to helping you. هذا وسوف تركز جهودها ووضع ضمنا على الحد الأعلى من الوقت والطاقة المدعى عليه ويجب ان تخصص لمساعدتك. This is good. وهذا جيد.

To understand the world the experts live in, think of expertise as an abundant resource and time to respond as a scarce one. لفهم العالم يعيشون فى الخبراء ، كما اعتقد خبرة وافره من الموارد والوقت للرد على النحو النادرة واحدة. The less of a time commitment you implicitly ask for, the more likely you are to get an answer from someone really good and really busy. أقل من الوقت الذي كنت ضمنا التزام لاسال ، أنت أكثر احتمالا للحصول على جواب من شخص جيد حقا وفعلا مشغول.

So it is useful to frame your question to minimize the time commitment required for an expert to field it — but this is often not the same thing as simplifying the question. ذلك انه من المفيد ان الاطار سؤالك الى الحد الادنى من الوقت اللازم لخبير لأنه الميدان -- ولكن في كثير من الأحيان وهذا لا يختلف عن تبسيط المساله. Thus, for example, “ Would you give me a pointer to a good explanation of X? ” is usually a smarter question than “ Would you explain X, please? ”. وهكذا ، على سبيل المثال ، "هل تعطيني مؤشر جيد لشرح العاشر؟" عادة ما يكون أكثر ذكاء من السؤال "هل شرح العاشر ، من فضلك؟". If you have some malfunctioning code, it is usually smarter to ask for someone to explain what's wrong with it than it is to ask someone to fix it. اذا كان لديك بعض عطل القانون ، وهي عادة ما تكون أكثر ذكاء لشخص ما ان نسأل لشرح ما هو الخطأ في انه مما هو عليه لأطلب من شخص لتصحيح الامر. When asking about code وعندما يسأل عن المدونه

If you simply want a code review, say as much up front, and be sure to mention what areas you think might particularly need review and why. اذا كنت تريد ببساطة مدونة الاستعراض ، كما يقول الكثير مقدما ، ومما لا شك فيه ان نذكر ما هي المجالات التي تعتقدون قد لا سيما الحاجة إلى استعراض والسبب في ذلك. Don't post homework questions لا المنزلية ما بعد الاسءله

Hackers are good at spotting homework questions; most of us have done them ourselves. القراصنه جيدة في اكتشاف اسءله الواجبات المنزلية ؛ معظمنا عليها القيام به لأنفسنا. Those questions are for you to work out, so that you will learn from the experience. هذه الاسءله بالنسبة لك للعمل ، حتى يتسنى لك الاستفادة من تجربة. It is OK to ask for hints, but not for entire solutions. وهو موافق لاسال لتلميحات ، ولكن ليس للحلول بأسره.

If you suspect you have been passed a homework question, but can't solve it anyway, try asking in a user group forum or (as a last resort) in a “ user ” list/forum of a project. اذا كنت تظن انك قد اصدر في مسألة الواجبات المنزلية ، ولكن لا يمكن ايجاد حل لها على أي حال ، محاولة السؤال في منتدى او مجموعة مستخدمين (كملاذ اخير) في "المستخدم" قائمة / المنتدى للمشروع. While the hackers will spot it, some of the advanced users may at least give you a hint. وفي حين ان المتسللين سوف سبوت ، وبعض المستخدمين قد المتقدمه على الاقل اعطيكم تلميح. Prune pointless queries الاجاص المجفف من العبث الاستفسارات

Resist the temptation to close your request for help with semantically-null questions like “ Can anyone help me? ” or “ Is there an answer? ” First: if you've written your problem description halfway competently, such tacked-on questions are at best superfluous. مقاومه اغراء قريبة من طلبك للحصول على مساعدة لاغيه دلاليا - اسءله مثل "هل يمكن لأحد مساعدتي؟" او "هل هناك جواب؟" اولا : اذا كنت قد كتب وصفا المشكلة التي تعاني منها بكفاءه في منتصف الطريق ، tacked - على مثل هذه الاسءله في افضل لزوم لها. Second: because they are superfluous, hackers find them annoying — and are likely to return logically impeccable but dismissive answers like “ Yes, you can be helped ” and “ No, there is no help for you. ” ثانيا : لانها زائدة عن الحاجة ، يمكن العثور عليها القراصنه مزعج -- ويحتمل ان تؤدي الى عودة منطقيا لا تشوبه شاءبه ولكن رافض اجابات مثل "نعم ، يمكنك أن تكون ساعدت" و "لا ، ليس هناك مساعدة لك."

In general, asking yes-or-no questions is a good thing to avoid unless you want a yes-or-no answer . وبصفة عامة ، السؤال بنعم أو لا توجد اسءله امر جيد لتفادي ما لم ترغب في وجود بنعم او لا توجد اجابة. Don't flag your question as “ Urgent ”, even if it is for you لا علم سؤالك بانها "ملحة" ، حتى لو كان لك

That's your problem, not ours. ان مشكلتك ، وليس في مصلحتنا. Claiming urgency is very likely to be counter-productive: most hackers will simply delete such messages as rude and selfish attempts to elicit immediate and special attention. المطالبة الملحه من المحتمل جدا ان يأتي بنتائج عكسيه : ان معظم المتسللين سوف ببساطة حذف هذه الرسائل كما rude الانانيه ومحاولات للحصول على الفور واهتماما خاصا.

There is one semi-exception. وثمة شبه استثناء. It can be worth mentioning if you're using the program in some high-profile place, one that the hackers will get excited about; in such a case, if you're under time pressure, and you say so politely, people may get interested enough to answer faster. ويمكن ان يذكر اذا كنت تستخدم البرنامج في بعض البارزة ، ان احد المتسللين بالاثاره عن ما سيحصل عليه ؛ وفي مثل هذه الحاله ، إذا كنت تحت ضغط الوقت ، وكنت اقول ذلك بأدب ، وستحصل على الشعب مهتمة بما فيه الكفايه للاجابة على نحو اسرع.

This is a very risky thing to do, however, because the hackers' metric for what is exciting probably differs from yours. وهذا خطر جدا يجب أن نفعله ، ولكن نظرا لأن المتسللين 'متري الى ما هو مثير وربما يختلف عن لك. Posting from the International Space Station would qualify, for example, but posting on behalf of a feel-good charitable or political cause would almost certainly not. الارسال من المحطة الفضاءيه الدولية مؤهلة ، على سبيل المثال ، ولكن نشرها علي صالح احد يشعر جيدة - قضية سياسية او خيريه أو شبه المؤكد لا. In fact, posting “ Urgent: Help me save the fuzzy baby seals! ” will reliably get you shunned or flamed even by hackers who think fuzzy baby seals are important. وفي الواقع ، نشر "عاجل : ساعدني على انقاذ الطفل ضبابي الاختام!" موثوق به وسوف تحصل على تجنب او ملتهب حتى من قبل المتسللين من الاختام الطفل ضبابي اعتقد انها هامة.

If you find this mysterious, re-read the rest of this how-to repeatedly until you understand it before posting anything at all. اذا وجدت هذه غامضة ، واعادة قراءة بقية هذه الطريقة مرارا وتكرارا - لانك تفهم انه حتى قبل نشر اي شيء على الاطلاق. Courtesy never hurts, and sometimes helps المجامله يضر ابدا ، ويساعد في بعض الاحيان

Be courteous. ان يكون مهذب. Use “ Please ” and “ Thanks for your attention ” or “ Thanks for your consideration ”. استخدام "الرجاء" و "شكرا لاهتمامكم" او "الشكر لتنظروا فيه". Make it clear you appreciate the time people spend helping you for free. ان اوضح لكم عن تقديرنا للوقت تنفق مساعدة الناس لك مجانا.

To be honest, this isn't as important as (and cannot substitute for) being grammatical, clear, precise and descriptive, avoiding proprietary formats etc.; hackers in general would rather get somewhat brusque but technically sharp bug reports than polite vagueness. ان نكون صادقين ، وهذا ليس مهما كاهميه (ولا يمكن ان تكون بديلا ل) يجري نحوي ، واضحة ودقيقة وصفية ، وتجنب اشكال الملكيه ، وما الى ذلك ؛ المتسكعين في العام بدلا من الحصول على بعض الشيء من الناحية الفنية ولكنها حاده brusque تقارير الاخطاء مؤدب من الغموض. (If this puzzles you, remember that we value a question by what it teaches us.) (واذا كانت هذه الالغاز لكم ، ونحن نتذكر ان قيمة سؤال ما يعلمنا.)

However, if you've got your technical ducks in a row, politeness does increase your chances of getting a useful answer. ومع ذلك ، اذا كنت قد حصلت على العمل الفني لديك البط في الصف ، هل التادب زيادة فرص الحصول على اجابة مفيدة.

(We must note that the only serious objection we've received from veteran hackers to this HOWTO is with respect to our previous recommendation to use “ Thanks in advance ”. Some hackers feel this connotes an intention not to thank anybody afterwards. Our recommendation is to either say “ Thanks in advance ” first and thank respondents afterwards, or express courtesy in a different way, such as by saying “ Thanks for your attention ” or “ Thanks for your consideration ”.) (يجب ان نلاحظ ان الاعتراض الجدي الوحيد لقد تلقينا من المتسللين الى المخضرم howto هذا هو ما يتعلق السابق توصية الى استخدام "ويعود الفضل في ذلك مقدما". يشعر بعض المتسكعين هذا لا يعني وجود نية لاشكر احدا بعد ذلك. توصيتنا أما القول "ويرجع الفضل في ذلك مقدما" اولا وبعد ذلك أشكر المجيبين ، أو يعبر عن المجامله في طريقة مختلفة ، مثل يقول "شكرا لاهتمامكم" او "الشكر لتنظروا فيه".) Follow up with a brief note on the solution مع متابعة مذكرة موجزة عن حل

Send a note after the problem has been solved to all who helped you; let them know how it came out and thank them again for their help. ارسال مذكرة بعد المشكلة قد حلت لجميع من ساعد لكم وليعلموا كيف خرج ونشكرهم مرة اخرى لمساعدتهم. If the problem attracted general interest in a mailing list or newsgroup, it's appropriate to post the followup there. واذا كانت المشكلة جذبت الاهتمام العام في القائمة البريديه او مجموعة الأخبار ، انها مناسبة لمتابعة مرحلة ما بعد اسم form؛ follow-up داءره هناك.

Optimally, the reply should be to the thread started by the original question posting, and should have ‘FIXED’, ‘RESOLVED’ or an equally obvious tag in the subject line. على الوجه الامثل ، فان الرد يجب ان يكون الخيط الأصلي الذي بدأت فيه مسألة النشر ، وينبغي ان يكون 'الثابتة' ، 'حل' او علامة واضحة على قدم المساواة في سطر الموضوع. On mailing lists with fast turnaround, a potential respondent who sees a thread about “ Problem X ” ending with “ Problem X - FIXED ” knows not to waste his/her time even reading the thread (unless (s)he) personally finds Problem X interesting) and can therefore use that time solving a different problem. على قوائم عناوين البريد الالكتروني مع التحول السريع ، من المحتمل المدعي يرى الخيط حول مشكلة "س" وصولا الى "مشكلة العاشر -- الثابتة" لا يعرف النفايات الى حالته حتى وقت القراءة الخيط (ما لم يكن (ق) وقال انه (شخصيا يجد مشكلة العاشر للاهتمام) ، ويمكن بالتالي استخدام ذلك الوقت لحل مشكلة مختلفة.

Your followup doesn't have to be long and involved; a simple “ Howdy — it was a failed network cable! اسم الخاص بك متابعة form؛ follow-up داءره ليس بالضروره ان يكون طويلا والمعنية ؛ بسيطة "مرحبا -- وكان فشل كابل الشبكه! Thanks, everyone. شكرا ، لكل فرد. - Bill ” would be better than nothing. -- مشروع قانون "ستكون أفضل من لا شيء. In fact, a short and sweet summary is better than a long dissertation unless the solution has real technical depth. في الواقع ، قصيرة وحلوة موجز افضل من اطروحة طويلة ما لم يكن قد حل حقيقي التقنيه العمق. Say what action solved the problem, but you need not replay the whole troubleshooting sequence. أقول وما هي الاجراءات التي تحل المشكلة ، ولكنكم في حاجة الى تكرار كله لا تسلسل استكشاف الاخطاء واصلاحها.

For problems with some depth, it is appropriate to post a summary of the troubleshooting history. لبعض المشاكل مع العمق ، فانه من المناسب لمرحلة ما بعد موجز للتاريخ استكشاف الاخطاء واصلاحها. Describe your final problem statement. يرجى وصف البيان النهائي لهذه المشكلة. Describe what worked as a solution, and indicate avoidable blind alleys after that . كما عمل وصف ما حل ، والاشارة الى تجنبها الاعمى الازقه بعد ذلك. The blind alleys should come after the correct solution and other summary material, rather than turning the follow-up into a detective story. والاعمى والازقه ينبغي ان يأتي بعد حل سليم وغيرها من المواد موجز ، بدلا من ان تحول متابعة القصة إلى المخبر. Name the names of people who helped you; you'll make friends that way. اسم من اسماء الاشخاص الذين سأعد لكم أنت صداقات على هذا النحو.

Besides being courteous and informative, this sort of followup will help others searching the archive of the mailing-list/newsgroup/forum to know exactly which solution helped you and thus may also help them. اضافة الى كونه مهذب وغنيا بالمعلومات ، هذا النوع من متابعة انجليزيه form؛ follow-up داءره مساعدة الاخرين سوف يبحثون في أرشيف للmailing-list/newsgroup/forum يعرف بالضبط التي ساعدت في حل لكم وبالتالي قد تساعد ايضا.

Last, and not least, this sort of followup helps everybody who assisted feel a satisfying sense of closure about the problem. وأخيرا ، وليس آخرا ، ان هذا النوع من متابعة انجليزيه form؛ follow-up داءره من ساعد ويساعد الجميع يشعر مرضية بمعنى الاغلاق عن هذه المشكلة. If you are not a techie or hacker yourself, trust us that this feeling is very important to the gurus and experts you tapped for help. اذا لم تكن نفسك هاكر او فني ، ونحن على ثقة ان هذا الشعور امر في غاية الاهميه لالمعلمون والخبراء لكم الاستفادة منها للمساعدة. Problem narratives that trail off into unresolved nothingness are frustrating things; hackers itch to see them resolved. المشكلة ان السرد لم تحل الى أثر من العدم هي امور محبطه ؛ المتسكعين حكة انظر الى حل لها. The goodwill that scratching that itch earns you will be very, very helpful to you next time you need to pose a question. ان حسن النية خدش ان يكسب حكة انك ستكون جدا ، مفيدة جدا لكم في المرة القادمة التي تحتاج الى طرح السؤال.

Consider how you might be able to prevent others from having the same problem in the future. النظر في كيفية لكم قد تكون قادرة على منع الآخرين من التي لها نفس المشكلة في المستقبل. Ask yourself if a documentation or FAQ patch would help, and if the answer is yes send that patch to the maintainer. اسأل نفسك اذا وثائق او التصحيح من شأنه ان يساعد الاسءله الشاءعه ، واذا كان الجواب نعم ان ترسل الى التصحيح maintainer.

Among hackers, this sort of good followup behavior is actually more important than conventional politeness. ومن بين المتسللين وهذا النوع من متابعة جيدة انجليزيه form؛ follow-up داءره السلوك هو في الواقع أكثر أهمية من التادب التقليديه. It's how you get a reputation for playing well with others, which can be a very valuable asset. انه كيف تحصل على سمعة جيدة للعب مع الاخرين ، الذي يمكن أن يكون رصيدا قيما للغاية. How To Interpret Answers كيف تفسر اجوبه RTFM and STFW: How To Tell You've Seriously Screwed Up Rtfm وstfw : كيف تتحقق قمت بجدية حتى screwed

There is an ancient and hallowed tradition: if you get a reply that reads “ RTFM ”, the person who sent it thinks you should have Read The Fucking Manual. وثمة تقليد قديم ومقدس : اذا كنت احصل على الرد ان يقرأ "rtfm" ، من الشخص الذي ارسل الخطاب ينبغي ان يكون مقتنعا بأنك تقرأ دليل الداعر. He or she is almost certainly right. له الحق فى حكم المؤكد. Go read it. اذهب قراءتها.

RTFM has a younger relative. وقد rtfm الاصغر سنا نسبيا. If you get a reply that reads “ STFW ”, the person who sent it thinks you should have Searched The Fucking Web. اذا كنت احصل على الرد ان يقرأ "stfw" ، من الشخص الذي يعتقد انه ارسل لك ينبغي ان يكون تفتيش الداعر على الشبكه العالمية. He or she is almost certainly right. له الحق فى حكم المؤكد. Go search it. اذهب بحث. (The milder version of this is when you are told “ Google is your friend! ”) (أخف نسخة من هذا عندما يطلب منك "صور صديقك!")

In Web forums, you may also be told to search the forum archives. في منتديات الانترنت ، يمكنك أيضا أن يقال لبحث المنتدى المحفوظات. In fact, someone may even be so kind as to provide a pointer to the previous thread where this problem was solved. في الواقع ، بل ربما شخص ما ان يتفضل لتوفير مؤشر على الخيط السابق فيها هذه المشكلة تم حلها. But do not rely on this consideration; do your archive-searching before asking. ولكن لا تعتمد على هذا الاعتبار ؛ التي تتبعونها في ارشيف البحث وقبل ان اطرح.

Often, the person telling you to do a search has the manual or the web page with the information you need open, and is looking at it as he or she types. في كثير من الاحيان ، فإن الشخص الذي يعلمك ان تفعل وقد بحث الدليل او صفحة الويب مع المعلومات التي تحتاج مفتوحة ، والنظر اليها على انها له أو لها أنواع. These replies mean that he thinks (a) the information you need is easy to find, and (b) you will learn more if you seek out the information than if you have it spoon-fed to you. يعني ان هذه الردود ويرى (أ) المعلومات التي تحتاج من السهل ان تجد ، و (ب) سوف تتعلم اكثر اذا كنت في البحث عن المعلومات من انه اذا كان لديك ملعقه تغذيها لكم.

You shouldn't be offended by this; by hacker standards, your respondent is showing you a rough kind of respect simply by not ignoring you. انت يجب ان تكون للاساءة من قبل هذا ؛ المعايير من قبل هاكر ، المدعي الخاص بك يظهر لك الخام نوع من الاحترام لمجرد عدم تجاهل لك. You should instead be thankful for this grandmotherly kindness. بدلا من ذلك ينبغى ان لكم شاكرا لهذا اللطف بحنان كما حنان الجدة. If you don't understand... اذا كنت لا أفهم...

If you don't understand the answer, do not immediately bounce back a demand for clarification. اذا لم تفهم الجواب ، لا على الفور الانتقال الى الوراء الطلب للحصول على توضيح. Use the same tools that you used to try and answer your original question (manuals, FAQs, the Web, skilled friends) to understand the answer. استخدام نفس الادوات التي تستخدمه لمحاولة الاجابه عن السؤال الأصلي (كتيبات والاسءله المتكررة ، الانترنت ، الاصدقاء المهرة (فهم الاجابه. Then, if you still need to ask for clarification, exhibit what you have learned. ثم ، اذا كنت لا تزال في حاجة الى ان تسأل عن التوضيح ، معرض ما لديك المستفاده.

For example, suppose I tell you: “ It sounds like you've got a stuck zentry; you'll need to clear it. ” Then: here's a bad followup question: “ What's a zentry? ” Here's a good followup question: “ OK, I read the man page and zentries are only mentioned under the -z and -p switches. فعلى سبيل المثال ، لنفترض انني اقول لكم : "الامر يبدو وكأنك حصلت على تمسك zentry ؛ التي ستحتاج اليها لانها واضحة." ثم : هنا سيئة للمتابعة انجليزيه form؛ follow-up داءره السؤال : "ماذا تعني zentry؟" هنا للمتابعة جيدة انجليزيه form؛ follow-up داءره السؤال التالي : " طيب ، وانا اقرأ صفحة والرجل zentries المذكورة ليست سوى اطار ض - ف - ومفاتيح. Neither of them says anything about clearing zentries. لم يستطع أي منهما يقول اي شيء عن تطهير zentries. Is it one of these or am I missing something here? ” هل هي واحدة من هذه او المفقودين شيء أنا هنا؟ " Dealing with rudeness التعامل مع الوقاحه

Much of what looks like rudeness in hacker circles is not intended to give offense. الكثير من الوقاحه ما يبدو هاكر في الأوساط ليس المقصود اعطاء المخالفه. Rather, it's the product of the direct, cut-through-the-bullshit communications style that is natural to people who are more concerned about solving problems than making others feel warm and fuzzy. وبدلا من ذلك ، انه نتاج مباشر ، من خلال وقف الهراء - الاتصالات - فإن هذا هو النمط الطبيعي للناس من هم اكثر قلقا ازاء حل المشاكل بدلا من جعل الآخرين يشعرون حاره وضبابى.

When you perceive rudeness, try to react calmly. عندما ينظرون الى الوقاحه ، في محاولة للرد بهدوء. If someone is really acting out, it is very likely a senior person on the list or newsgroup or forum will call him or her on it. اذا كان هناك من هو حقا يتصرف بها ، ومن المرجح جدا اقدم شخص على قائمة او مجموعة الأخبار أو المنتدى سوف يدعو له أو لها على ذلك. If that doesn't happen and you lose your temper, it is likely that the person you lose it at was behaving within the hacker community's norms and you will be considered at fault. اذا كان ذلك لا يحدث وانت تفقد المزاج الخاص بك ، فمن المرجح ان يفقد الشخص الذي يتصرف فيه في داخل المجتمع هاكر القواعد وانت وسيجري النظر في الخطأ. This will hurt your chances of getting the information or help you want. وهذا يضر فرصك في الحصول على معلومات او مساعدة تريد.

On the other hand, you will occasionally run across rudeness and posturing that is quite gratuitous. ومن ناحية اخرى ، كنت أحيانا البعيد عبر الوقاحه واتخاذ المواقف التي لا مبرر له تماما. The flip-side of the above is that it is acceptable form to slam real offenders quite hard, dissecting their misbehavior with a sharp verbal scalpel. الوجه - الى جانب ما سبق هو أنه شكل من أشكال مقبولة لصفقة حقيقية المجرمين من الصعب جدا ، على تشريح حاد مع سوء السلوك اللفظي المبضع. Be very, very sure of your ground before you try this, however. جدا ، جدا متأكدا من ارض الواقع الخاص بك قبل ان تقوم هذه المحاوله ، ولكن. The line between correcting an incivility and starting a pointless flamewar is thin enough that hackers themselves not infrequently blunder across it; if you are a newbie or an outsider, your chances of avoiding such a blunder are low. الخط الفاصل بين تصحيح الفضاضه واحد من بدء العبث flamewar هو رقيق بما فيه الكفايه ان القراصنه انفسهم ليس من النادر خطأ عبرها ؛ اذا انت واحد مبتدئ او شخص خارجي ، فرصك في تجنب مثل هذا الخطأ غالبا ما تكون منخفضه. If you're after information rather than entertainment, it's better to keep your fingers off the keyboard than to risk this. اذا كنت تريد ان تعرف بعد المعلومات بدلا من وسائل الترفيه ، فانه من الافضل ان تبقى اصابعك من لوحة المفاتيح بدلا من هذه المخاطر.

(Some people assert that many hackers have a mild form of autism or Asperger's Syndrome, and are actually missing some of the brain circuitry that lubricates “ normal ” human social interaction. This may or may not be true. If you are not a hacker yourself, it may help you cope with our eccentricities if you think of us as being brain-damaged. Go right ahead. We won't care; we like being whatever it is we are, and generally have a healthy skepticism about clinical labels.) (بعض الناس تؤكد ان العديد من القراصنه قد خفيف شكل من اشكال الانطواء على الذات او تناذر asperger ، وفعلا بعض المفقودين من المخ الدوائر ان يزيت "عادية" الانسان التفاعل الاجتماعي وهذا قد يكون أو لا يكون صحيحا إذا لم تكن نفسك هاكر ، قد تساعدك على التعامل مع غرابة الأطوار اذا كنت تعتقد ان ما يجري لنا من الدماغ - لحقت بها اضرار. الحق في الذهاب الى الامام ، ولن نقبل ان الرعايه ونحن مثل ما يجري هو اننا ، وعموما صحيه الشكوك حول العلامات السريريه.)

In the next section, we'll talk about a different issue; the kind of “ rudeness ” you'll see when you misbehave. في الجزء التالي ، سنقوم الحديث عن مسألة مختلفة ؛ النوع من "الوقاحه" سترى عندما يسيء تصرف. On Not Reacting Like A Loser لا رد على مثل خاسرا

Odds are you'll screw up a few times on hacker community forums — in ways detailed in this article, or similar. الاحتمالات هي المسمار عليك حتى في أوقات قليلة من المجتمع على هاكر المنتديات -- في طرق المفصلة في هذه المادة ، او ما شابه ذلك. And you'll be told exactly how you screwed up, possibly with colourful asides. ويمكنك ان يقال بالضبط كيف screwed حتي ، وربما مع الألوان التعليقات الجانبية. In public. في الجمهور.

When this happens, the worst thing you can do is whine about the experience, claim to have been verbally assaulted, demand apologies, scream, hold your breath, threaten lawsuits, complain to people's employers, leave the toilet seat up, etc. Instead, here's what you do: وعندما يحدث ذلك ، فان اسوأ ما يمكنك القيام به هو الأنين عن تجربة ، كانت تدعي ان لها شفهيا للاعتداء ، والاعتذار الطلب ، والصراخ ، عقد الخاصة بك التنفس ، وتهدد الدعاوى ، تشكو الى الناس وارباب العمل ، والاجازات حتى مقعد المرحاض ، الخ ، بدلا من ذلك ، و هذا ما تفعله :

Get over it. للحصول عليها. It's normal. ومن الطبيعي. In fact, it's healthy and appropriate. في الواقع ، انها سليمة ومناسبة.

Community standards do not maintain themselves: They're maintained by people actively applying them, visibly, in public . المجتمع ليس لديها معايير انفسهم : انهم التى يحتفظ بها الشعب بنشاط تطبيقها ، بوضوح ، في الاماكن العامة. Don't whine that all criticism should have been conveyed via private e-mail: That's not how it works. لا الأنين ان كل نقد كان ينبغي نقلها عن طريق البريد الالكتروني الخاص : هذا ليس كيف يعمل. Nor is it useful to insist you've been personally insulted when someone comments that one of your claims was wrong, or that his views differ. كما انه ليس من المفيد ان تصر لقد قمت شخصيا للاهانة واذا كان شخص واحد من التعليقات التي والمطالبات الخاصة بك خاطءه ، أو أن تختلف وجهات نظره. Those are loser attitudes. تلك هي الخاسر المواقف.

There have been hacker forums where, out of some misguided sense of hyper-courtesy, participants are banned from posting any fault-finding with another's posts, and told “ Don't say anything if you're unwilling to help the user. ” The resulting departure of clueful participants to elsewhere causes them to descend into meaningless babble and become useless as technical forums. وكانت هناك هاكر المحافل فيها ، وبعض المضللين من الإحساس المفرط او المجامله ، او المشاركين ممنوعه من نشر اي خطأ - مع ايجاد وظائف اخرى ، وقال "لا يقول اي شيء اذا كنت على استعداد لمساعدة المستخدم." مما ادى الى رحيل clueful المشاركين الى اماكن اخرى لأسباب منها تنحدر الى الضجيج وتصبح بلا معنى بلا جدوى تقنيه المنتديات.

Exaggeratedly “ friendly ” (in that fashion) or useful: Pick one. بمبالغه "ودية" (على هذا النحو) او مفيدة : اختر واحدة.

Remember: When that hacker tells you that you've screwed up, and (no matter how gruffly) tells you not to do it again, he's acting out of concern for (1) you and (2) his community. تذكر : عندما هاكر ان ابلغك ان قمت حتى screwed ، و(مهما بشكل خشن) يخبرك عدم القيام مرة اخرى ، انه يتصرف انطلاقا من الاهتمام (1) وكنت (2) طائفته. It would be much easier for him to ignore you and filter you out of his life. وسيكون من الاسهل بكثير بالنسبة اليه ان تجاهل لك وانت مرشح من اصل حياته. If you can't manage to be grateful, at least have a little dignity, don't whine, and don't expect to be treated like a fragile doll just because you're a newcomer with a theatrically hypersensitive soul and delusions of entitlement. اذا كنت لا تستطيع ادارة يجب ان يشكر ، على الأقل بقليل من الكرامة ، لا الأنين ، ولا تتوقع ان تعامل مثل دميه هشه لمجرد ان كنت من جديد مع مسرحيا شديد الحساسيه النفس والاوهام الاستحقاق .

Sometimes people will attack you personally, flame without an apparent reason, etc., even if you don't screw up (or have only screwed up in their imagination). والناس في بعض الاحيان وسوف الهجوم لكم شخصيا ، دون وجود لهب سبب واضح ، وما الى ذلك ، حتى اذا كنت لا تصل برغي (او التي screwed الا في المخيله). In this case, complaining is the way to really screw up. وفي هذه الحاله ، الشكوى هو الطريق الى حقيقة حتى المسمار.

These flamers are either lamers who don't have a clue but believe themselves to be experts, or would-be psychologists testing whether you'll screw up. هذه المشعلات lamers اما من ليس لديهم فكرة ولكن اعتقد ان الخبراء انفسهم ، او من شأنه ان علماء النفس - ان اختبار ما اذا كان عليك المسمار. The other readers either ignore them, or find ways to deal with them on their own. اما سائر القراء تجاهلها ، او ايجاد طرق للتعامل مع صالحهم. The flamers' behavior creates problems for themselves, which don't have to concern you. المشعلات سلوك يخلق مشاكل لنفسها ، وهي لا تحتاج الى القلق لكم.

Don't let yourself be drawn into a flamewar, either. لا تدع نفسك ان الانتباه الى flamewar ، اما. Most flames are best ignored — after you've checked whether they are really flames, not pointers to the ways in which you have screwed up, and not cleverly ciphered answers to your real question (this happens as well). معظم النيران من الافضل تجاهل -- بعد أن جربت ما اذا كانت حقا لهيب ، لا مؤشرات الى الطرق التي لديك حتى screwed ، وليس بشكل ذكي ciphered الاجابه على السؤال الحقيقي الخاص بك (وهذا يحدث أيضا). Questions Not To Ask الا ان نسأل اسءله

Here are some classic stupid questions, and what hackers are thinking when they don't answer them. وإليك بعض الاسءله التقليديه الغبيه ، والمتسكعين ما نفكر عندما لا أجيب عليها.

Q: Where can I find program or resource X? س : أين يمكن ان اجد برنامج الموارد أو العاشر؟ Q: How can I use X to do Y? س : كيف يمكنني استخدام العاشر للقيام y؟ Q: How can I configure my shell prompt? س : كيف يمكنني تكوين بلدي شل السريع؟ Q: Can I convert an AcmeCorp document into a TeX file using the Bass-o-matic file converter? س : هل يمكنني تحويل اي وثيقة من وثائق acmecorp الى تكس الملف باستخدام البص - س - ماتيتش تحويل الملف؟ Q: My {program, configuration, SQL statement} doesn't work س : (برنامج بلدي ، والتكوين ، لغة الاستعلامات البنيويه بيان) لا يعمل Q: I'm having problems with my Windows machine. س : انا لديها مشاكل مع ويندوز بلدي الآلة. Can you help? يمكنك المساعدة؟ Q: My program doesn't work. س : برنامجي لا يعمل. I think system facility X is broken. واعتقد ان نظام مرفق العاشر مكسوره. Q: I'm having problems installing Linux or X. Can you help? س : انا واجهت مشكلات اثناء تركيب لينكس العاشر او يمكنك المساعدة؟ Q: How can I crack root/steal channel-ops privileges/read someone's e-mail? س : كيف يمكنني الكراك الجذر / قناة سرقة مكتب خدمات المشاريع - الامتيازات / يقرأ أحدهم عن البريد الالكتروني؟

Q: س :

Where can I find program or resource X? أين يمكن أن أجد برنامج او العاشر من الموارد؟

A: أ :

The same place I'd find it, fool — at the other end of a web search. نفس المكان انا من الحصول عليها ، وغبي -- وعلى الطرف الآخر للبحث على شبكة الانترنت. Ghod, doesn't everybody know how to use Google yet? Ghod ، الجميع لا يعرف كيفية استخدام صور حتى الآن؟

Q: س :

How can I use X to do Y? كيف يمكنني استعمال x y ان تفعل؟

A: أ :

If what you want is to do Y, you should ask that question without pre-supposing the use of a method that may not be appropriate. اذا ما تريده هو ان تفعل y ، يجب ان نسأل هذا السؤال دون شروط مسبقة ، لنفترض استخدام طريقة التي قد لا تكون مناسبة. Questions of this form often indicate a person who is not merely ignorant about X, but confused about what problem Y they are solving and too fixated on the details of their particular situation. اسءله من هذا النوع غالبا ما تشير الى شخص من ليست مجرد جاهل عن العاشر ، ولكن الخلط حول ما هي المشكلة وهي y حل fixated وايضا على تفاصيل حالتها الخاصة. It is generally best to ignore such people until they define their problem better. ومن المسلم به عموما افضل لتجاهل هؤلاء الناس حتى في تحديد المشكلة على نحو افضل.

Q: س :

How can I configure my shell prompt? كيف يمكنني تكوين بلدي شل السريع؟

A: أ :

If you're smart enough to ask this question, you're smart enough to RTFM and find out yourself. اذا كنت الذكيه يكفي ان نسأل هذا السؤال ، انت ذكي بما يكفي لrtfm والعثور على نفسك.

Q: س :

Can I convert an AcmeCorp document into a TeX file using the Bass-o-matic file converter? هل يمكن تحويل اي وثيقة من وثائق acmecorp الى تكس الملف باستخدام البص - س - ماتيتش تحويل الملف؟

A: أ :

Try it and see. انها محاولة وانظر. If you did that, you'd (a) learn the answer, and (b) stop wasting my time. اذا كنت فعلت ذلك ، كنت (أ) معرفة الجواب ، و (ب) وقف هدر وقتي.

Q: س :

My {program, configuration, SQL statement} doesn't work (برنامج بلدي ، والتكوين ، لغة الاستعلامات البنيويه بيان) لا يعمل

A: أ :

This is not a question, and I'm not interested in playing Twenty Questions to pry your actual question out of you — I have better things to do. وهذه ليست مسألة ، وانا غير مهتم في اللعب والعشرين حدق الى الاسءله وقلتم مسألة من اصل لكم -- لقد أن تفعل أشياء افضل. On seeing something like this, my reaction is normally of one of the following: على رؤية ما يشبه هذا ، وبلدي هو رد فعل طبيعي من واحد مما يلي :

*

do you have anything else to add to that? هل لديكم أي شيء آخر نضيفه الى ذلك؟ *

oh, that's too bad, I hope you get it fixed. أوه ، ذلك سيئة للغاية ، وأمل ان تحصل على انها ثابتة. *

and this has exactly what to do with me? وهذا بالضبط ما تفعله معي؟

Q: س :

I'm having problems with my Windows machine. انا واجهت مشكلات مع ويندوز بلدي الآلة. Can you help? يمكنك المساعدة؟

A: أ :

Yes. نعم. Throw out that Microsoft trash and install an open-source operating system like Linux or BSD. رمي المهملات الى ان مايكروسوفت وتركيب والمفتوحه المصدر مثل نظام التشغيل لينوكس أو بي اس دي.

Note: you can ask questions related to Windows machines if they are about a program that does have an official Windows build, or interacts with Windows machines (ie, Samba). ملاحظه : يمكنك ان تطلب من المسائل المتصله آلات ويندوز اذا كانت عن البرنامج الذي لديه رسمية من ويندوز بناء ، أو يتفاعل مع اجهزة ويندوز (اي سامبا). Just don't be surprised by the reply that the problem is with Windows and not the program, because Windows is so broken in general that this is very often the case. فقط لا يكون الرد بالدهشه من ان المشكلة مع ويندوز وليس برنامج ويندوز بسبب كسر في ذلك العام ان هذا هو الحال في كثير من الاحيان.

Q: س :

My program doesn't work. برنامجي لا يعمل. I think system facility X is broken. واعتقد ان نظام مرفق العاشر مكسوره.

A: أ :

While it is possible that you are the first person to notice an obvious deficiency in system calls and libraries heavily used by hundreds or thousands of people, it is rather more likely that you are utterly clueless. وفي حين انه من الممكن ان انت اول شخص ملاحظه واضحة تدعو الى قصور في نظام المكتبات واستخداما من قبل مئات أو آلاف من الناس ، بل هي على الارجح انت تماما clueless. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence; when you make a claim like this one, you must back it up with clear and exhaustive documentation of the failure case. المطالبات غير عادية تحتاج الى أدلة استثناءيه ؛ عند تقديم طلب كهذا ، يجب عليك عمل نسخة احتياطيه منه مع وثائق واضحة وشاملة للحالة الفشل.

Q: س :

I'm having problems installing Linux or X. Can you help? انا واجهت مشكلات اثناء تركيب لينكس العاشر او يمكنك المساعدة؟

A: أ :

No. I'd need hands-on access to your machine to troubleshoot this. انا رقم ضرورة التدريب العملي على الوصول الى جهازك لاستكشاف الاخطاء واصلاحها هذا. Go ask your local Linux user group for hands-on help. اذهب اسال المحلية لمجموعة مستخدمي لينوكس - على يد المساعدة. (You can find a list of user groups here .) (يمكنك العثور على قائمة مجموعات المستخدمين هنا.)

Note: questions about installing Linux may be appropriate if you're on a forum or mailing list about a particular distribution, and the problem is with that distro; or on local user groups forums. ملاحظه : اسءله حول تثبيت لينكس قد يكون من المناسب إذا كنت على قائمة بريديه او منتدى خاص عن التوزيع ، والمشكلة هي مع ان distro ؛ او على مجموعات المستخدمين المحافل المحلية. In this case, be sure to describe the exact details of the failure. وفي هذه الحاله ، ومن المؤكد ان لوصف التفاصيل الدقيقة للفشل. But do careful searching first, with "linux" and all suspicious pieces of hardware. ولكن ، هل تبحث بعناية اولا ، مع "لينكس" وكل قطعة من الاجهزه المشبوهة.

Q: س :

How can I crack root/steal channel-ops privileges/read someone's e-mail? كيف يمكنني الكراك الجذر / قناة سرقة مكتب خدمات المشاريع - الامتيازات / يقرأ أحدهم عن البريد الالكتروني؟

A: أ :

You're a lowlife for wanting to do such things and a moron for asking a hacker to help you. انت لlowlife يريد ان يفعل مثل هذه الاشياء ومعتوه لنطلب هاكر لمساعدتك. Good and Bad Questions اسءله جيدة وسيئة

Finally, I'm going to illustrate how to ask questions in a smart way by example; pairs of questions about the same problem, one asked in a stupid way and one in a smart way. وأخيرا ، أنا ذاهب من اجل توضيح كيفية طرح الاسءله في طريقة ذكية من قبل مثلا ؛ ازواج من الاسءله حول المشكلة نفسها ، في طلب واحد غبي واحد في طريقة ذكية.

Stupid: Where can I find out stuff about the Foonly Flurbamatic? غبي : أين يمكن ان اجد بها الاشياء عن foonly flurbamatic؟

This question just begs for "STFW" as a reply. هذا السؤال يطرح للتو "stfw" اي رد. Smart: I used Google to try to find “ Foonly Flurbamatic 2600 ” on the Web, but I got no useful hits. الذكيه : استخدمت صور في محاولة لايجاد "foonly flurbamatic 2600" على شبكة الانترنت ، ولكنها حصلت على أي من المفيد زائر. Can I get a pointer to programming information on this device? كيف يمكن الحصول على مؤشر لبرمجة المعلومات عن هذا الجهاز؟

This one has already STFWed, and sounds like he might have a real problem. هذا وقد سبق وstfwed ، ويبدو مثل ما قد يكون لديه مشكلة حقيقية.

Stupid: I can't get the code from project foo to compile. غبي : لا استطيع ان احصل على الشفره من مشروع لتجميع فو. Why is it broken? لماذا هو عطل؟

The querent assumes that somebody else screwed up. وقد querent يفترض أن يكون أحدا آخر screwed. Arrogant git... Git المتعجرف... Smart: The code from project foo doesn't compile under Nulix version 6.2. الذكيه : من مشروع قانون فو لا في اطار تجميع nulix الاصدار 6،2. I've read the FAQ, but it doesn't have anything in it about Nulix-related problems. لقد قمت قراءة الاسءله المتكررة ، ولكنه لا يملك أي شيء في انه nulix عن المشاكل ذات الصلة. Here's a transcript of my compilation attempt; is it something I did? واليك نسخة عن بلدي محاولة تجميع ؛ هل هناك شيء فعلت؟

The querent has specified the environment, read the FAQ, is showing the error, and is not assuming his problems are someone else's fault. وقد querent قد حددت ، والبيئة ، وقراءة الاسءله المتكررة ، ويظهر هذا الخطأ ، وليس توليه المشاكل هي شخص اخر خطأ. This one might be worth some attention. هذا واحد قد يكون من المفيد بعض الاهتمام.

Stupid: I'm having problems with my motherboard. غبي : انا لديها مشاكل بلدي اللوحه. Can anybody help? اي شخص يمكن ان تساعد؟

J. Random Hacker's response to this is likely to be “ Right. ياء عشواءيه هاكر للاستجابة لهذا ومن المرجح ان يكون "الحق. Do you need burping and diapering, too? ” followed by a punch of the delete key. هل تحتاج الى التجشؤ وديابيرينج ، ايضا؟ "، يليه لكمة من حذف المفتاح. Smart: I tried X, Y, and Z on the S2464 motherboard. الذكيه : حاولت خ ، ذ ، ض وs2464 على اللوحه. When that didn't work, I tried A, B, and C. Note the curious symptom when I tried C. Obviously the florbish is grommicking, but the results aren't what one might expect. وعندما لم ينجح ، حاولت الف وباء وجيم ونلاحظ من اعراض غريبة وحين حاولت ان جيم من الواضح ان florbish هو grommicking ، ولكن النتائج ليست ما قد يتوقع المرء. What are the usual causes of grommicking on Athlon MP motherboards? ما هي الاسباب المعتاده للgrommicking Athlon النائب علي الأم؟ Anybody got ideas for more tests I can run to pin down the problem? أي شخص حصل على الافكار لمزيد من التجارب استطيع ان اركض الى انخفاض الرقم المشكلة؟

This person, on the other hand, seems worthy of an answer. هذا الشخص ، ومن ناحية أخرى ، يبدو تستحق جوابا. He/she has exhibited problem-solving intelligence rather than passively waiting for an answer to drop from on high. وقال انه / انها عرضت الاستخبارات حل المشاكل بدلا من الانتظار السلبي عن اجابة لتسقط من على ارتفاع.

In the last question, notice the subtle but important difference between demanding “ Give me an answer ” and “ Please help me figure out what additional diagnostics I can run to achieve enlightenment. ” في السؤال الأخير ، لاحظ الدقيقة ولكنها مهمة الفرق بين مطالبين "يعطيني جوابا" و "الرجاء مساعدتي الرقم اضافية تشخيص ما استطيع ان اركض الى تحقيق التنوير".

In fact, the form of that last question is closely based on a real incident that happened in August 2001 on the linux-kernel mailing list (lkml). وفي الواقع ، فان هذا شكل من اشكال الماضي والسؤال هو عن كثب على اساس حقيقي الحادثه التي وقعت في آب / اغسطس 2001 على نواة لينكس - القائمة البريديه (lkml). I (Eric) was the one asking the question that time. ط (اريك) كان احد طرح السؤال ذلك الوقت. I was seeing mysterious lockups on a Tyan S2462 motherboard. كنت رؤية الموقف الغامض على tyan s2462 اللوحه. The list members supplied the critical information I needed to solve them. قائمة الاعضاء تزويد المعلومات الهامة انني بحاجة الى ايجاد حل لها.

By asking the question in the way I did, I gave people something to chew on; I made it easy and attractive for them to get involved. طرح السؤال من قبل في الطريقة التي فعلت ذلك ، أنا أعطي الناس شيئا لتشيو على اني جعلت من السهل وجذابة بالنسبة لهم على المشاركة. I demonstrated respect for my peers' ability and invited them to consult with me as a peer. انا اظهر الاحترام لبلدي الأقران قدرة ودعوتهم للتشاور مع لي باعتباري احد الاقران. I also demonstrated respect for the value of their time by telling them the blind alleys I had already run down. وأود أيضا ان يبرهن على احترام قيمه وقتها عن طريق ابلاغهم الاعمى الازقه سبق البعيد الى اسفل.

Afterwards, when I thanked everyone and remarked how well the process had worked, an lkml member observed that he thought it had worked not because I'm a “ name ” on that list, but because I asked the question in the proper form. وبعد ذلك ، عندما كنت وشكر الجميع لاحظ مدى النجاح الذي قد عملت العملية ، لاحظ ان الاعضاء lkml انه يعتقد انه كان يعمل وليس لأن انا "اسم" في تلك القائمة ، ولكن لأنني السؤال في شكل سليم.

Hackers are in some ways a very ruthless meritocracy; I'm certain he was right, and that if I had behaved like a sponge I would have been flamed or ignored no matter who I was. القراصنه في بعض الطرق جدا لا يرحم الجداره ؛ انا معينة وقال انه كان على حق ، وإذا كان لي أن تصرف مثل الاسفنج واود ان ملتهب أو تم تجاهلها مهما كان من الأول. His suggestion that I write up the whole incident as instruction to others led directly to the composition of this guide. اقتراحه أن أكتب حتى الجامعة الحادث بانه امر غير مباشرة ادت الى تكوين هذا الدليل. If You Can't Get An Answer اذا لم تستطع الحصول على اجابة

If you can't get an answer, please don't take it personally that we don't feel we can help you. اذا لم تستطع الحصول على جواب ، من فضلك لا أعتبر شخصيا ان لا نرى يمكننا مساعدتك. Sometimes the members of the asked group may simply not know the answer. وفي بعض الاحيان طلب من اعضاء المجموعة قد لا نعرف الاجابه. No response is not the same as being ignored, though admittedly it's hard to spot the difference from outside. اي رد غير ما يجري تجاهلها ، على الرغم من المسلم به انه من الصعب اكتشاف الفرق من الخارج.

In general, simply re-posting your question is a bad idea. وبصفة عامة ، ببساطة اعادة ارسال سؤالك هو فكرة سيئة. This will be seen as pointlessly annoying. وسيكون هذا يعتبر مزعج بشكل عديم الجدوى. Have patience: the person with your answer may be in a different time-zone and asleep. لقد صبر : الشخص مع الاجابه قد تكون في وضع منطقة زمنيه مختلفة - ونائما. Or it may be that your question wasn't well-formed to begin with. او قد يكون السؤال ، إن لم يكن بشكل جيد اصلا.

There are other sources of help you can go to, often sources better adapted to a novice's needs. وهناك مصادر أخرى للمساعدة يمكنك الذهاب اليها ، في كثير من الاحيان مصادر اكثر ملائمة لاحتياجات المبتدئ أ.

There are many online and local user groups who are enthusiasts about the software, even though they may never have written any software themselves. وهناك العديد من المستخدمين على الانترنت والجماعات المحلية هي من المتحمسين عن هذا البرنامج ، رغم انها قد كتبه ابدا اي البرامج نفسها. These groups often form so that people can help each other and help new users. هذه الجماعات في كثير من الاحيان شكل ذلك ان الناس يمكن ان تساعد بعضها البعض ومساعدة المستخدمين الجدد.

There are also plenty of commercial companies you can contract with for help, both large and small (Red Hat and SpikeSource are two of the best known; there are many others). وهناك أيضا الكثير من الشركات التجارية يمكنك التعاقد مع لطلب المساعدة ، الكبيرة والصغيرة على السواء (القبعه الحمراء spikesource وهما من افضل المعروف ؛ وهناك العديد من الاخرين). Don't be dismayed at the idea of having to pay for a bit of help! لا يكون بالفزع ازاء فكرة ان تكون لدفع قليلا للمساعدة! After all, if your car engine blows a head gasket, chances are you would take it to a repair shop and pay to get it fixed. على كل حال ، لو كان لديك محرك السياره ضربات الرأس حشية ، هي احتمالات كنت أعتبر الى ورشة لاصلاح والدفع للحصول على انها ثابتة. Even if the software didn't cost you anything, you can't expect that support to always come for free. حتى لو كانت البرامج لا يكلفك شيئا ، لا يمكنك ان تتوقع أن يأتي دائما الى دعم مجانا.

For popular software like Linux, there are at least 10,000 users per developer. البرامج الشعبية مثل لينكس ، هناك ما لا يقل عن 10000 مستخدمين لكل المطور. It's just not possible for one person to handle the support calls from over 10,000 users. لكنه ما لبث ان من غير الممكن لشخص واحد على التعامل مع من يدعو الى دعم اكثر من 10000 المستخدمين. Remember that even if you have to pay for support, you are still paying much less than if you had to buy the software as well (and support for closed-source software is usually more expensive and less competent than support for open-source software). نتذكر انه حتى اذا كان لديك على الدفع للحصول على الدعم ، انت لا تزال تدفع اقل بكثير مما لو كان لديك لشراء البرمجيات وأيضا (والدعم للبرمجيات المصادر المغلقه عادة اكثر تكلفة واقل كفاءه من أجل دعم البرامج الحاسوبيه المفتوحه المصدر) . How To Answer Questions in a Helpful Way كيف للاجابة على الاسءله في طريقة مفيدة

Be gentle. Problem-related stress can make people seem rude or stupid even when they're not. تكون رقيقة. المتصله مشكلة الاجهاد يمكن أن تقدم rude يبدو ان الناس اغبياء أو حتى عندما سنا.

Reply to a first offender off-line. There is no need of public humiliation for someone who may have made an honest mistake. وردا على الجاني الاول غير متصل. وليس هناك حاجة للالعامة من اذلال لشخص ما قد يكون خطأ ادلى امين. A real newbie may not know how to search archives or where the FAQ is stored or posted. مبتدئ حقيقية قد لا يعرفون كيفية البحث في الارشيف او في المكان الذي يتم تخزين الاسءله الشاءعه او نشرها.

If you don't know for sure, say so! A wrong but authoritative-sounding answer is worse than none at all. اذا كنت لا تعرف بالتأكيد ، يقول ذلك! خاطءه - حجيه السبر ولكن الجواب هو اسوأ من لا شيء على الاطلاق. Don't point anyone down a wrong path simply because it's fun to sound like an expert. اي شخص لا تشير الى اسفل الطريق الخطأ لمجرد انه مرح السليمه مثل خبير. Be humble and honest; set a good example for both the querent and your peers. ان المتواضع وصادقة ؛ قدوه حسنة لكل من querent الخاص بك والاقران.

If you can't help, don't hinder. Don't make jokes about procedures that could trash the user's setup — the poor sap might interpret these as instructions. اذا كنت لا تستطيع أن تساعد ، لا تعيق. لا تجعل النكات عن الاجراءات التي يمكن ان المهملات المستخدم الاعداد -- الفقراء والتطبيقات والمنتجات كما يمكن تفسير هذه التعليمات.

Ask probing questions to elicit more details. If you're good at this, the querent will learn something — and so might you. اسأل لبحث المسائل للحصول على مزيد من التفاصيل. إذا كنت جيدة في هذا ، وسوف يتعلم شيئا querent -- وحتى يمكن لكم. Try to turn the bad question into a good one; remember we were all newbies once. في محاولة لتحويل سيئة جيدا في مسألة واحدة ؛ نتذكر اننا جميعا newbies مرة واحدة.

While muttering RTFM is sometimes justified when replying to someone who is just a lazy slob, a pointer to documentation (even if it's just a suggestion to google for a key phrase) is better. تمتمه rtfm بينما هو في بعض الاحيان مبررا عندما وردا على شخص من مجرد كسلان الساذج ، مؤشر على وثائق (حتى لو كان مجرد اقتراح لصور لعبارة رئيسية) هو أفضل من ذلك.

If you're going to answer the question at all, give good value. Don't suggest kludgy workarounds when somebody is using the wrong tool or approach. اذا كنت الذهاب الى الاجابه على هذا السؤال في كل شيء ، اعطاء قيمة جيدة. Kludgy لا توحي workarounds عندما شخص ما باستخدام اداة او نهج خاطئ. Suggest good tools. وتوحي الأدوات الجيدة. Reframe the question. اعادة طرح السؤال.

Help your community learn from the question. When you field a good question, ask yourself “ How would the relevant documentation or FAQ have to change so that nobody has to answer this again? ” Then send a patch to the document maintainer. مساعدة مجتمعك نتعلم من هذه المساله. الميدانيه عند السؤال جيدا اسأل نفسك "كيف يمكن ان الاسءله الشاءعه وثائق ذات صلة او تضطر الى تغيير حتى ان احدا لم للاجابة على هذا مرة اخرى؟" ثم ترسل الى التصحيح وثيقة من وثائق maintainer.

If you did research to answer the question, demonstrate your skills rather than writing as though you pulled the answer out of your butt. Answering one good question is like feeding a hungry person one meal, but teaching them research skills by example is showing them how to grow food for a lifetime. اذا كنت لم البحوث على الرد على هذا السؤال ، واظهار مهاراتك بدلا من كتابة كما لو كنت سحبت الجواب الخاص بك من المءخره. وردا على سؤال جيد واحد هو تغذية مثل الشخص الجائع وجبة واحدة ، ولكنها تعلمهم المهارات البحثيه من قبل ومن الامثله التي تبين لهم كيف زراعة الاغذيه لمدى الحياة. Related Resources موارد ذات الصلة

If you need instruction in the basics of how personal computers, Unix, and the Internet work, see The Unix and Internet Fundamentals HOWTO . اذا كنت بحاجة الى تعليمات في اساسيات كيفية الحواسيب الشخصيه ، ويونيكس ، وعمل شبكة الانترنت ، انظر يونيكس والانترنت howto الاساسيات.

When you release software or write patches for software, try to follow the guidelines in the Software Release Practice HOWTO . عندما كنت اكتب البرمجيات أو الافراج عن بقع لبرامج الحاسوب ، وحاول ان تتبع المبادئ التوجيهيه في برامج اطلاق سراح howto الممارسه. Acknowledgements اعترافات

Evelyn Mitchell contributed some example stupid questions and inspired the “ How To Give A Good Answer ” section. افيلن ميتشل مثلا اسهم بعض الاسءله الغبيه ومصدر الهام "كيف جيدة لاعطاء الجواب" الباب. Mikhail Ramendik contributed some particularly valuable suggestions for improvements. ميخائيل ramendik اسهم بعض الاقتراحات القيمه ولا سيما لادخال تحسينات.

البرامج المفتوحة المصدر تعريفها و مميزاتها و المشاكل التي تواجهها

شاهد علي سبيل المثال نسخة البرامج المكتبية المفتوحة 2.0 (Open Office) ، لينكس ماندراك 10.1 وكذلك ايضا ادوات المبرمجين مثل MySQL و Eclipse

العقبات منقولة من

في النهاية نحن يجب أن نذكر بعض الوسائل الرخيصة الكاذبة التي تستخدمها مايكروسوفت في الدعاية

(microsoft.com)

ترجمة تعريف البرمجيات الحرة

تعريف البرمجيات الحرة!

نحن نتيح هذا التعريف لتوضيح ما يجب ان يتحقق لبرنامج ما حتى يعتبر حرا.

الfree softwareـ مسالة حريات لا سعر.(فى الانجليزية كلمة free ـ قد تعنى حر او مجانى).

المقصود بحرية البرمجيات هو حرية مستخدمى البرامج فى تشغيل و نسخ و توزيع و دراسة و تعديل البرمجيات. مصطلح حرية البرمجيات يشير بالتحديد الى اربع حريات للمستخدم:

• حرية تشغيل البرنامج لاى غرض (الحرية 0).
• حرية دراسة كيفية عمل البرنامج و تعديله ليناسب احتيجاتك (الحرية 1). توفر المصدر البرمجى source code ـ شرط لازم لتحقق هذه الحرية.
• حرية اعادة توزيع البرنامج لتساعد غيرك (الحرية 2).
• حرية تعديل و تحسين البرنامج و نشر تعديلاتك ليستفيد منها المجتمع ككل (الحرية 3). توفر المصدر البرمجى شرط لازم لتحقق هذه الحرية.

البرنامج حر ان كان لمستخدميه كل هذه الحريات , اذن يجب ان يكون لك الحق فى اعادة توزيع نسخ معدلة او غير معدلة , مجانا أو مقابل أجر التوزيع، لاى فرد فى اى مكان. و ان يكون لك مطلق الحرية فى كل هذا بدون ان تطلب او تشترى اذن احد.

يجب أيضا ان يكون لك الحرية فى تعديل البرنامج و استخدام التعديلات فى عملك او لعبك دون ذكر لوجود هذه التعديلات من عدمه. و يجب الا يكون لزاما عليك ابلاغ اى فرد او جهة كى تنشر تعديلاتك.

الحرية فى استخدام البرنامج تعنى حرية اى فرد او مؤسسة فى استخدام البرنامج على اى نظام حاسوبى فى اى غرض بدون الاضطرار للاتصال بمبرمجى و مطورى البرنامج او اى جهة اخرى.

حرية اعادة توزيع نسخ من البرنامج يجب ان تشمل الحق فى توزيع نسخ (معدلة و غير معدلة) رقمية binaryـ قابلة للتشغيل بالاضافة الى المصدر البرمجى. توزيع نسخ قابلة للتشغيل مباشرة ضرورى للحصول على نظام تشغيل حر و سهل و مريح فى الاستخدام. لا توجد مشكلة لو كان من المستحيل انتاج نسخ رقمية (بعض لغات البرمجة لا تتيح ذلك)، لكن يجب ان يحق لك توزيع نسخ كهذه فى حالة توفر سبل لانتاجها.

ليكون هناك اى معنى لحرية تعديل و نشر تحسينات للبرنامج يجب ان يتوفر لك المصدر البرمجى. بالتالى ان اتاحة المصدر البرمجى تعتبر شرط اساسى لحرية البرمجيات.

ولكي تكون هذه الحريات حقيقية، يجب ان تكون غير قابلة للنقض طالما لم تخطيء،و اذا كان بامكان مطور البرنامج نقض الترخيص بدون اعطاء اسباب يكون البرنامج غير حر. ولكن هناك بعض القواعد المقبولة في طريقة توزيع البرامج الحرة، في حالة عدم تعارضها مع مبدأ الحريات. على سبيل المثال copyleft قاعدة تنص على عدم القدرة على وضع عوائق تمنع الآخرين من الحريات الاربع. هذه القاعدة لا تتعارض مع تلك الحريات ولكن تحميها.

عن OpenCD

شغال ويندوز؟

اكيد.

عندك ترخيص؟

لا.

شغال ميكروسوفت اوفيس؟

أكيد.

عندك ترخيص؟

لا.

و هكذا فى كل البرامج التى يستخدمها اغلب الشعب.

برامج الضغط و الميديا و متصفح الانترنت و برامج ال دونلود و البريد الالكترونى و الجرافيكس و قواعد البيانات و بيئات التطوير و الالعاب كل حاجة على الكمبيوتر يا معلم

طب و الحل؟

اشتغل لينكس..

بس ده صعب اوى يا عم.. و انا امكانياتى على ادى .. مالها النسخ المضروبة ؟

هقولك يا عم بس نص العمى ولا العمى كله .. خليك على الويندوز المضروب بتاعك بس اشتغل ببرامج مفتوحة المصدر. و دى جميلة جدا و قوية و دايما فى تطور و ممكن تشغل بيها ملفات البرامج التانبه.

فى كل دول العالم الكمبيوتر رخيص و لكن البرامج غالية قوى و احنا عندنا الكمبيوتر غال (علشان احنا غلابه ) بس كل واحد منزل برامج يجى ب 20 الف جنيه.

و ده يا عم الحاج حرام و الدين مش بيقول كده. و القانون بيمنع كده.

و عشان كده يا شباب انا بنصحكم تستخدموا البرامج مفتوحة المصدر.

بدل ميكروسوفت اوفيس خليها اوبن اوفيس , و كل حاجة هتلاقيلها بديل.

انما تطنش و و تفضل شغال حرامى مينفعش .

اغلب الناس لا تتحرى اذا كان البرنامج ده له ترخيص ولا لا. كله بينزل البرامج و يشتغل بيها و ساعة لما البرنامج يفرقع منه يدور له على كراك و الحركات النص كم دى.

و بعدين دلوقتى فى حاجة جميلة جدا اسمها اوبن سي دى فيه برامج كتير اوى بدل البرامج الى محتاجة ترخيص.

و انا ممكن اديها لك يا عم لو انت مش هتقدر تنزلها و هكذا اى برنامج اخر.

انا حاسس ان انا حرامى و انا عمال اشتغل ببرامج مسروقة و متكركة !

يبقى احنا لازم ناخد بالنا من ان لو عايز تستخدم برنامج لازم ترخيص و عشان كده بنصحكم تستخدموا برامج مفتوحة المصدر و ممكن يبقى شعارنا فى الفترة الجايه

لا للبرامج المسروقة .. نعم للبرامج مفتوحة المصدر

كيف تصبح هاكر

كيف تصبح هاكر h1>

كتبها: إيريك ستيفين ريموند

ترجمت بواسطة: عبدالرحمن غريب

ترجمت بتاريخ: 28/2/2005

Asterisk A Closer Look

We will start by downloading and compiling asterisk:-

1. asterisk configurations exists at /etc/asterisk/
2. asterisk sounds exists at /var/lib/asterisk/sounds
3. asterisk music on hold files at /var/lib/asterisk/mohmp3/
4. asterisk voicemail files and others at /var/spool/asterisk/
5. asterisk applications, codecs and channels at /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/
   1. sip.conf it contain the sip server options , sip registrar and the sip users
   2. iax.conf it contain the iax server options , iax registrar and the iax users
   3. extensions.conf it contain the dialplain which we call asterisk heart
   4. modules.conf it contain which module not to be loaded or loaded
   5. voicmail.conf it contain the voicemail options
   6. logger.conf it contain the logger options
   okay now let start with a very basic scenario .. you want to have 2 sip clients can reach each others so we need to have 2 sip accounts and a very basic dialplan. so we can move the sip.conf that already created from make samples and we keep it as a reference and we start or simple one from scratch

   [general]              ; here we will define the general options 
   
   bindaddr = 0.0.0.0     ; so the SIP server will be listing on all the interfaces
   bindport = 5060        ; default SIP port
   
   

   and now we will need to create 2 SIP account for our softphones username=1001 ; the username for authentication secret=123 ; the password type=friend ; what kind of user is he ? peer,user,friend context=test ; context is one of the key words it's where the incoming and outgoing calls from this user should go host=dynamic ; if the user don't have static IP address or he moving alot with his softphone nat=yes ; if user behind the NAT or no canreinvite=no ; this is important it define if the media path for the call should be directed between the end points or it should go via the asterisk server and almost the same configurations will be for the 2nd user username=1002 secret=123 type=friend context=test host=dynamic nat=yes canreinvite=no now the heart of this call the dialplan in extensions.conf

   [general]
   
   [test]                          ; the test context
   
   exten => 1001,1,Dial(SIP/1001) 	; when someone dial 1001 should dial 1001 using SIP protocol
   exten => 1002,2,Dial(SIP/1002) 	; when someone dial 1002 should dial 1002 using SIP protocol 
   

   now the easy part the softphone ... there is lots of softphones for both GNU/Linux and windows you can use xlite and adjust the username / authentication for each users the domain / sip server is the asterisk IP server and the password is the user password

   ---

   Directory it's a very useful asterisk application, most of time when you call a company and don't know the extension number for the person you are looking for you have to wait and get help from the operator to reach this person. but if this company has a company directory in there asterisk PBX this will make your life much more easy .. In more simple words, the directory is a extension numbers searching tool. so you press like * and you go the directory and then you will have to enter the 1st 3 letters of the first or last name of the person you are looking for, and this application will take care of looking UP the extension number for you Okay so let us get technical a little bit more, how the directory application works. it gets all the information needed from the last place you will ever think about ! the voicemail.conf . Ok how does the voicemail.conf look like ?

   [general]			;where the general configurations belongs
   
   [context]			;context name
   extension number => password,user name
   

   where
   • extension number ; user phone number
   • password ; the voicemail password
   • username ; the user real email
   so in our example the voicemail.conf will look like this:-

   [general]
   
   [test]
   1001 => 0007,sherif nagy
   

   then how the directory command look like ?

   Directory(vm-context[|dial-context[|options]])
   

   where
   • directory ; the directory command
   • vm-context ; the voicemail context we want to search into
   • dial-context ; " i never used it " the extension context " dialplan" the command will search into after the user search
   • options ; the "f" option it force the directory to look for the person FIRST name, by default the command search but the person last name
   and we will add a directory extension in the dialplan "extensions.conf file" exten => *,1,Directory(test|f) ; * the number/key to reach the directory , test is the voicemail context , and it'll use looking by first name so now someone will be calling want to get to me but he don't know my extension number so he will dial * then he will get a message saying Something like this : " welcome to the directory please enter the 1st three letters of the person first name.
   • the caller will enter "s-h-e" from phone keypad. and now there is 2 alternatives:-
     • the caller will listen to s-h-e-r-i-f-space-n-a-g-y every letter in the name is separated , this will be with the asterisk default voice system.
     • any asterisk user can record his name , busy , unavailable message using the asterisk voicemailmain application and in this case the caller will listen to sherif nagy with my voice that i record.
   • then after this asterisk will say something like " is that the person you are looking for ? if yes press 1 if no press * to find the next search results "
   each number in the phone keypad contain 3 letters so for example if your are looking for sherif you will type the 1st 3 letters which are "s-h-e" so you will click on 743 which can be any combination of PQES as 1st letter , GHI as 2nd letter and DEF as 3rd letter, so the directory will start to look using this input you may find P-H-F which a person you don't want so you click * , and so on until you find the person you are looking for. i think that pretty much all about directory searching ..and we are done ;-) later on i hope this howto become more advanced but this is just a start

Changing the background of lilo boot loader

Enjoy

ChewingTeeth (2): Courier MTA

I had to install a mail server, to provide virtual hosting, pop and smtp with webmail.

Why did I choose courier ? Sure to let all of you follow my steps and chew your brains.

Courier is hell, That's why you'll end up chewing your brain, perhaps your whole body and other people bodies too!

I'm talking about Debian stable aka woody.

1st, Don't apt-get install the binary debs.

apt-get source courier-mta

Because there is a unique feature in courier, It force you to use one of the freedoms enforced by the GPL, which is: The freedom to modify the source code!

courier authentication authdaemon and userdb.

courier mta, smtp, pop, imap.

squirrelmail

permit users to change their passwords.

ChewingTeeth (3): CVS

Outline:

• Introduction:CVS is a version control system. It is used to record the history of your source files.Bugs can creep in when software is modified, and may not be detected until a long time after the modification is made. With CVS, you can retrieve old versions to find which change caused the bug.CVS can also help when a project is being worked on by multiple people, where overwriting each others changes is easy to do. CVS solves this problem by having each developer work in his/her own directory and then instructing CVS to merge the work when each developer is done.
• CVS server setup
• Creating a new repository.
• overview of the CVS authentication stuff.
• All users are mapped to 1 user.
• pserver
• over ssh
• readers/writers
• permissions on the directories.
• permissions on the CVSROOT directory
• co
• commit
• add
• binary files
• tags
• update
• remove
• multiple users, restricting each to a directory
• what's missing ?
• References

Create Custom Form with Drupal

you can create any type of forums using flexinode. Have a nice Drupal.

Cron Job

Cron is a tool that lets you specify jobs (could be command or scripts or whatever you like) in the file /etc/crontab these commands will then be executed according to a particular schedule (for instance every Wednesday at 3:00 do a fsck, or every day at 8:00 play alarm.au, or even every 1st of Jan say happy new year).

usually your crontab file will look like this:- SHELL=/bin/bash PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin MAILTO=root HOME=/

1. run-parts 01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly 02 4 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily 22 4 * * 0 root run-parts /etc/cron.weekly 42 4 1 * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly

   the first few lines are environment variables and explain themselves the run-parts is the important one its obvious here that my system has four separate tables for hourly, daily, weekly and monthly jobs

   Now let us see what is the run-parts

   • The numbers in the beginning stand for :-

   • minute
   • hour
   • dayofmonth
   • month
   • dayofweek

   • then comes the user that will be used to run these jobs.
   • Then the last field is the job (run-parts is a small tool that runs scripts by guessing which interpreter to use, so run-parts foo is basically equivalent to bash foo, or python foo or whatever).

   lets us notice :-

   • The hourly jobs are executed on the first minute of every hour in every day in every month (could be fetchmail or sendmail etc.)
   • The daily jobs are executed on the second minute of the fourth hour of every day in every month (a fortune maybe or a some check on your logs)
   • The monthly jobs are executed on the 22ND minute of the 4Th hour of anyday in anymonth that is a Sunday(thats what the last 0 stands for, and this could be a fsck or a cleanup of your tmp dirs)
   • The monthly jobs are executed on the 42ND minute of the 4Th hour of the first day of any month (a backup to your /etc maybe)

   The happy new year setting will look like this:- 01 0 1 1 * alaa echo 'happy new year' 02 0 1 1 * alaa mail -s 'happy new year' friends &lt; greetings.txt

   Thats Will Do Two Things:-

   1. on the first minute at midnight on the first of Jan write happy new year on the console.
   2. on the 2ND minute of the same date send an email to all friends with

   the subject 'happy new year' and have the content of greetings.txt as the message body.

   however cron is of limited use to your usual home user since it assumes your pc is on all the time so if I don't open my pc on 1st of Jan until the morning (which is probably what will happen) my friends will not get a message from me and my computer will not greet me thus ruining the whole year from day one.

   a tool that would be more useful is anacron, it doesn't assume your computer will be on all the time but rather you have to describe a frequency for this particular job (like I want this done once a month and that done once a year). however anacron is a totally different story.

   both cron and anacron are useful if you like your command/script to run only once (not periodically) in this case you use the tool at

   read the cron and crontab man pages:-

   • man cron
   • man crontab
   • man 5 crontab

   you may want to check the man pages for anacron and at too your GNU/Linux system comes with a whole lot of docs and manuals try to read as many of them as you can.

DNS for LAN

dhcpd.conf

# /etc/dhcpd.conf
#
# Global Settings
#

# Turn on Dynamic DNS:
ddns-update-style interim;
ddns-updates on;

# Don't allow clients to update DNS, make the server do it
# based on the hostname passed by the DHCP client:
deny client-updates;
allow unknown-clients;

#
# 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0 Scope Settings
#
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {

        # Range of DHCP assigned addresses for this scope
        range                           192.168.0.3 192.168.0.6;
        # 1 day
        default-lease-time              86400;
        # 2 days
        max-lease-time                  172800;

        # Configure the client's default Gateway:
        option subnet-mask              255.255.255.0;
        option broadcast-address        192.168.0.255;
        option routers                  192.168.0.2;

        # Configure the client's DNS settings:
        option domain-name              "lab.local";
        option domain-name-servers      192.168.0.2;

        # If you want the client to be configured to also use
        # a WINS server:
        option netbios-name-servers     192.168.0.2;
        option netbios-node-type        8;

}

named.conf

## /etc/named.conf
options {

        directory "/var/named";
};

controls {
        inet 127.0.0.1 allow { localhost; } keys { rndckey; };

};
zone "." IN {
        type hint;
        file "named.ca";
};

zone "localhost" IN {

        type master;
        file "localhost.zone";
        allow-update { none; };
};

zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" IN {
        type master;
        file "named.local";
        allow-update { none; };
};

zone "lab.local" IN {
        type master;
        file "lab.local";
        allow-update { localhost; };
};

zone "0.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
        type master;
        file "192.168.0.rev";
        allow-update { localhost; };
};

include "/etc/rndc.key";

note : FC3 users or any other SELINUX enabled distro users must modify the selinux security policy to allow named to overwrite the zone files (in FC3 is done using the security-level tool)

Drupal vs JBoss Portal

i found this discussion about the difference between JBoss Portal and drupal:

Editing /etc/fstab

Hello , Its Me Again

The original author was thinking to write how-to mount windows partition but the idea gets more fat to get more than windows to be generally FSTAB

On Mandrake and some other Distributions, The System mounts Windows Partitions Automatically,

By Other Means, When You cd To /mnt/windows ... You'll Find Your Files there ...

But on Fedora Core and some other Distributions, You Must mount your Windows Partitions each Time you Boot into your System ... Now, The Question is : How To Make it mounted Automaticlly each time your System Boots UP ?!

Before Getting Into Details .. You'll Have to Know That ...

When you Boot Your System .. The Kernel Looks for a File called /etc/fstab Which Describes all the File Systems that Should Be mounted and Then mounts Them All.

This File not Only Includes Your root and swap Partitions but Also Includes any Extra Partitions you Want to mount .. Plus all Logical/Virtual File Systems like the /proc File System.

Note: fstab Stands For "File System Table"

Now, Inorder to Make The Partitions mounted Automaticlly Every Time Your System Boots UP What You Need is to Add Entries in Your /etc/fstab

Here is The Format of The Entry ..

• device_name: It is the Name Of The Physical Device you Want To Mount ,It could be a network share ,NFS (Network File System ) *nix share or SMB (Server Message Block ) Window$ share ( Network resource ) ..

• Ex. /dev/hda1 for physical devices and it is also local
• Ex. files.eglug.org:/share/path NFS resource
• Ex. //ms.Misr-soft/share-name SMB resource

• mount_point: It is the Mount Point Where The File System(Partition) will be Mounted .. Ex. mnt/win_c

• fstype: It is the Type Of the File System of the Partition that Will Be Mounted .. Ex. vfat, ext3 , nfs , smbfs , ntfs and swap

Now, The Common Options Are:

• user: It Makes the Partition Mountable by any user, but then only that user can unmount it. (For Sure CDROM Drives must have this Option)

• users: It Makes the Partition Mountable by any user, and any user can unmount it.

• noexec: No Executable Files Allowed (You Should Use this with Windows Partitions or Else All the Files Will be Considered Executables)

• ro: Read Only

• rw: Read/Write

• noauto: Don't mount this at Boot Time (You May be Wondering What its doing in fstab if it is Not Going to Be mounted at Boot Time, this is Used to Simplify mounting Removable Media like CDROMS and FLOPPIES)

• uid: Sets Default User id (All Files on your Partition Will be Owned by this User)

• gid: Sets Default Groups id (All Files will be Owned by this Group)

• sync: Always Sync File System (Don't Cache Content .. Use this with Floppies)

• dump_frequency: Is Used to Automatically Backup Files (Only Useful For ext File System)

• fsck_priority: Is Used to Determine The Order of Checking File Systems when Doing a System Wide fsck at Boot Time, a Value of Zero will Tell the Kernel Never to Check This File System (This is How it Should be For Most Windows Partitions). The two digits allow for parallel checks when you have two different drives, thus speeding up boottime checks.

Note: fsck Stands For File System Check and it is used to Check and Repair a Linux File System

Now Lets Take a Look at My /etc/fstab

OK, So What we Have Here Is :

• A root Partition on /dev/hda2 .. Its File System is ext3 ( second partition on the primary master drive ) .. Options are Set to defaults and it Should be the First Partition to be Checked by fsck.

• A reiser4 partition /dev/hdb2 ( second partiton on the primary slave drive ) will be checked at the same time as the previous partition (parallel).

• Then on /dev/hda6 Lies my /home Partition, Same as the root Partition but Should be Checked by fsck after the root Partition.

• The /dev/cdrom Has my CDROM Drive, Its mounted to /mnt/cdrom, File Type is iso9660 (DON'T use auto in fstab) .. And the Options Are :

• noauto: Don't mount at Boot Time since the Drive May be Empty and Media may Change.

• user: File System is User mountable (This is Important Since its Not mounted on Boot Time, and Users have to be Able to mount their CDROMS).

• noexec: No Executables Allowed.

• ro: Read Only File System

• uid=501: Default User is the User with id 501 (Thats Me)

• gid=22: Default Group is the Group with id 22 (Thats the CDROM) And no Backups or File Checking is Needed.

The Entry for the CDRW Drive is Exactly the Same As for the CDROM, You Don't Need to Make it read/write Since Writing to the CDR Media is Done While the Media is unmounted.

The Benefit of having a CDROM Entry in Your fstab will be Revealed Now :

Instead of Running :

Simply, You Can Just Run :

OR You Can Use :

• The Windows Partitions /dev/hda1 and /dev/hda5 are mounted at Boot Time to /mnt/win_c and /mnt/win_d .. They are vfat File Systems (Thats FAT32, FAT16 is simply called FAT), Their Options are:

• noexcutable, read/write File System and a Certain user/group Own the Files on those Partitions.

• The proc File System Being a Virtual file System has a Device none, It is mounted to /proc and the File System Type is proc.

• Finlay the swap Partition is on /dev/hda3, mount Point for swap Partitions is swap (Notice NOT /swap) and the File System Type is of Course swap.it is not accessible by anyuser except the kernel .

As you Can See you Don't Really Need to Tweak All Options .. A Line that Says

Is Enough to mount your Windows Partition.

some distributions like red-hat/fedora could not mount NTFS file system automatically like the vfat due to patent promise or ,license conflicts so the decide to remove the NTFS.

Network Resource Mounting

locally .it may be also mount network resource on boot .

• NFS (Network File System) *nix share hostname:/path/to/share /mount/point nfs defaults 0 0

  the defaults may be changed with many other option as i remember some of them

  • ro: read only
  • rw: read write
  • __intr_ : allow to kill the process of request if the server is not accessible
  • nointr: killing the process or interrupt is not allowed it the server is not reachable
  • soft : if the process fails it will give a error message
  • hard : if the process fails it will block that tries to access an unreachable resource
  • rsize : rsize=8192
  • wsize : wsize=8192 this will enhance the mounting and the process of transactions,speed up NFS throughput . 192.168.0.10:/home/conceptor/exports /mnt/mounted nfs defaults,ro,rsize=8192,wsize=8192,soft
    • SMB (Server Message Block )

    the most linux boxes could mount the M$ share resources automatically without any problems

    the entry will looks like //192.168.0.1/myshare-name /mount/point defaults 0 0

    the options is diffrent from nfs the could be

    • __username=x : the MS share is based on usernames and password but nfs is based on hosts -hostnames or IPs- so you should type them
    • password=xx : actully many many people are doing the administrator password blank in M$ ,and linux accept the blank in this case.
    • uid = provid your id or gid

    so the entry will be something like //hostname/files /mount/point defaults,username=diaa,password=eglug,uid=514 0 0

    This Article is Originally Written by Alaa and re-organized by CVirus,and many contributers

Emacs tips

• examples of Major modes (C++ mode, erc, gnus, etc.).
• examples of minor modes (spell checking mode).
• CTRL c (written as C-c) for commands related to the mode u r in.
• a very important command is CTRL g (C-g), to cancel any command u started writing in the emacs command line.
• Emacs supports completion of other words in the buffer, using M-/ TAB
• for changing the default color of emacs, download the color-theme package from the emacs wiki, gunzip it under the elisp/ directory (create it first), then open it using M-x color-theme-select and select a nicer theme.
• if u want to change the emacs defaults, u have to edit the .emacs file (create it first), and then u have to know some lisp syntax to be able to write ur own preferences.
• also u can customize emacs through options ---> customize emacs.

Emacs Command:

ALT x (written as M-x) opens the emacs command.

• ALT x then press TAB, to view all possible commands/functions (tab completion).
• u type the command to enable/disable functions.
• M-x eshell ---> opens emacs shell.
• M-x term ---> opens bash.
• u can press ESC then press x, instead of typing M-x.

Editor related commands:

CTRL x (written as C-x) for commands related to the editor.

• C-x C-f ---> open file.
• C-x C-s ---> save file.
• C-x C-c ---> quit emacs.
• C-x d ---> opens dired mode.

Help Commands:

CTRL h (written as C-h) for help commands, also u can access it through F1

• C-h C-h ---> about help.
• C-h b ---> key bindings.
• C-h t ---> interactive tutorial.

Text-editing Commands:

• C-SPACE ---> set a mark.
  • type C-x C-x to switch between the set mark and the cursor (after C-SPACE).
• C-w ---> cut.
• M-w ---> copy.
• C-y ---> yank/paste.
  • type M-y to browse through the "kill ring" (all what u have copied, cut, killed, selected in the clipboard), after C-y
• C-k ---> deletes from the point of the cursor to the end of the line.
  • if u press C-k many times quickly, u can kill many lines and when u paste emacs paste them all not only the last line.
• C-_ ---> undo (when undos end, start redoing).

Multi windows:

• C-x 2 ---> splits the window in focus horizontally.
• C-x 3 ---> splits the window in focus vertically.
• C-x o ---> switches focus to the next window.
• C-x 0 ---> closes the window in focus.

Major Modes:

• tramp: ssh through emacs.
• gnus: news reader and mail client.
• w3m: web browser, supports tables and images.
• latex: with the latex-preview minor mode, u can c the generated output of latex while u r writing.
• psgml: validator editor of sgml, xml, html.
• erc: irc client.
  • supports nick completion.

Explain When and Why the kernel will need to be recompiled

Immediately after installtion, you may encounter situations in which you are required to upgrade the system . Although the Linux kernel has seen many advances, it may not fulfill the needs of your system. for this reason, the kernel which is available at www.kernel.org is updated often.

You may have several reasons to update the kernel on your system, including the following:

• Stability : Although a released stable kernel is usually of high quality, many issues can still arise. This is why additional kernel releases are often more stable than the previous release

• Hardware support : You Probably need to upgrade to a version 2.4.* kernel or higher like 2.6 in order to achieve support for many of the new hardware devices that are available today.

• Hardware platforms : The newest processors often benefit from having the kernel optimized for their use. by providing an updated kernel, the system will be able to use the CPU more efficiently.

• Package support : Some software packages don't run well or don't even run at all on older kernel versions. and these packages are often required to use the linux system.

- Regardless of the reasons for upgrading the kernel, the installers should be competent at performing this task.

GNU/Linux Vs. Microsoft

Why Linux?

1. Linux is based on a sharing concept, not based on selfishness.
2. Linux respects your intelligence and encourages creativity.
3. Linux adopts the concept of "Everyone can be a Leader" it has a good space for people's initiatives.
4. Linux is one of the largest friendly communities, where programmers around the world that do not know each other can have a free speech common room.
5. Linux creators do not suffer from human insecurity & lack of confidence, as it shows its real face & do not mind constructive criticize.
6. Linux is like a close friend to you when you go to visit him you can act as if you are home; in your friend's house you can bring food, help in arranging the house, help him/her adding a new look to it etc... That is exactly what Linux allows you to do creating, developing, modifying, adding, rearranging, etc…
7. Linux is proving a very important value; "Small melodies when gathered in harmony can create an outstanding piece of music".
8. Linux has broken the misleading presumption of "To make sure you are not doing something wrong or destructive, u must be monitored by a higher authority".
9. Linux is proving the widely approved concept in community development; "Community development based on grass root efforts is much more reliable than the services presented to the community by a big institution".
10. Linux proves that there is always another alternative, there is always a way, there's hope worth the effort of creating a better tomorrow.

Why Microsoft?

Because Microsoft knows how to be a good politician:

1. It knows how to have the highest number of votes even if doesn't have the highest recognition.
2. It knows how to keep their market under control even if they have better competitors.
3. It has the dare to pretend being the best and be very convincing while knowing their vices.
4. It covers up on the flaws of its operating system.
5. It presents misleading, inaccurate comparisons - claiming they're the best.

Being the leader doesn't necessarily mean you're the best. I read a comment on the net about Microsoft that is very relevant to political life ;o)

GNU/Linux security model

Each file has an owner and belongs to a group.

Each running process has an owner and belongs to a group.

Users may belong to multiple groups.

at any session a user has an active group, and process she starts will inherit this active group.

each user has a default active group.

users may change the current active group using the commands newgrp and sg.

this security model is sufficient for most needs because GNU/Linux tries to represent everything as a file.

Each file has 3 sets of permissions that apply to different users, one set applies to the file owner, one applies to members of the file's group and the last set applies to anyone else.

in case one needs more some kernel modules offer Access Control Lists which provide more fine grained control.

Permission grid

How to disable annoying keys in X

the idea is very simple, we find out what the keycode of the annoying key is, then we use xmodmap to remap it to a new harmless or useless meaning.

you make a file called masalan ~/.xmodmap

in ~/.xmodmap you need to make entries that look like this

on the left is the X specific keycode generated by this key, and on the right is the symbolic keyname X will assign to this keycode.

you can find out the keycode by running xev

xev catches any X events when its in focus and writes what happens on the terminal, put the focus on the xev window and press your key you'll see lines that look like

1. xev

the symbolic keynames are all mentioned in the file /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XKeysymDB

to completly disable a key use a keysym you're unlikely to ever need like the microsoft specific multimedia keys.

you can use the same technique to modify your keyboard in anyway (disable annoying hindi numerals, stop caps lock etc).

keycode 111 is the keycode of printscreen on my pc, the above line in ~/.xmodmap is enough to stop it

when you're done editing ~/.xmodmap you need to run

1. xmdomap ~/.xmodmap

   this loads the new keymap, if the behavior is right you want to configure your system so that it runs xmodmap everytime you run X (you figure out how).

How to install Oracle 10g on Linux

How to install Oracle 10g on Mandrake 10.1 Official

1- Creating Oracle User Accounts

To create the oracle account and groups, execute the following commands:

2- Unzip the database by running this command:

3- Uncompress the database by running this command:

In order to install oracle the system must have at least 512MB of RAM and 1GB of swap space or twice the size of RAM. And for systems with more than 2 GB of RAM, the swap space can be between one and two times the size of RAM.

4- To check the size of physical memory, execute:

5- To check the size of swap space, execute:

(OPTIONAL)

You also can add temporary swap space to your system by creating a temporary swap file instead of using a raw device. Here is the procedure:

To disable the temporary swap space execute the following commands:

6- Check how much space is in the /tmp :

According to Oracle's documentation, the Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) requires up to 400 MB of free space in the /tmp directory. But OUI checks if /tmp is only greater than 80 MB.

To check the space in /tmp, run:

(OPTIONAL)

If you do not have enough space in the /tmp filesystem, you can temporarily create a tmp directory in another filesystem. Here is how you can do this:

When you are done with the Oracle installation, shutdown Oracle and remove the temporary /tmp directory:

7- Check for required RPMs

This command queries the RPM database if these RPMs are installed or not (gcc, make, binutils, setarch, openmotif, mandrakelinux-release) If not so execute:

8- Make the OUI believe that its installing Oracle 10g on Redhat , because Mandrake is not supported by Oracle.

You have to edit these 2 files ( /etc/redhat-release , /etc/mandrakelinux-release ) file on Mandrake to make Oracle10g believe it is running on RHELAS3. To change the /etc/redhat-release file, you can simply copy/paste the following commands:

After you are done with the Oracle10g installation undo the changes you made to

9- Check the kernel parameters

To see all kernel parameters, execute:

For Oracle10g, the following kernel parameters have to be set to values greater than or equal to the recommended values which can be changed in the proc filesystem:

I added the following lines to the /etc/sysctl.conf file which is used during the boot process:

Adding these lines to the /etc/sysctl.conf file will cause the system to change these kernel parameters after each boot using the /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit script which is invoked by /etc/inittab. But in order that these new added lines or settings in /etc/sysctl.conf become effective immediately, execute the following command:

Explanation for Semaphores:

Semaphores can best be described as counters which are used to provide synchronization between processes or between threads within a process for shared resources like shared memories. System V semaphores support semaphore sets where each one is a counting semaphore. So when an application requests semaphores, the kernel releases them in "sets". The number of semaphores per set can be defined through the kernel parameter SEMMSL.

To see all semaphore settings, run:

The SEMMSL Parameter

This parameter defines the maximum number of semaphores per semaphore set.

Oracle recommends to set SEMMSL to the largest PROCESSES init.ora parameter of any database on the Linux system plus 10. Oracle also recommends to set SEMMSL to a minimum value of 100.

The init.ora parameter PROCESSES specifies the maximum number of operating system processes that can be started by the Oracle instance. In a non MTS environment, Oracle spawns a system user process for each connection. This means that in such an environment the PROCESSES parameter defines the maximum number of simultaneous Oracle connections minus sum of all Oracle background processes. It can also be said that the PROCESSES value should never be greater than SEMMSL.

The SEMMNI Parameter

This parameter defines the maximum number of semaphore sets in the entire Linux system.

Oracle recommends to set SEMMNI to a minimum value of 100.

The SEMMNS Parameter

This parameter defines the total number of semaphores (not semaphore set) in the entire Linux system. A semaphore set can have more than one semaphore, and according to the semget(2) man page, values greater than SEMMSL * SEMMNI makes it irrelevant.

Setting it to a minimum value of 256 is for initial Oracle installation only. Oracle recommends to set SEMMNS to the sum of the PROCESSES parameter for each database on the system, adding the largest PROCESSES twice, and then adding 10 for each DB.

The maximum number of semaphores that can be allocated on a Linux system will be the lesser of: SEMMNS or (SEMMSL * SEMMNI)

Setting SEMMSL and SEMMNI to 100 makes sure that SEMMNS semaphores can be allocated as determined by the above calculation.

The SEMOPM Parameter

This parameter defines the maximum number of semaphore operations that can be performed per semop(2) system call.

The semop(2) function provides the ability to do operations for multiple semaphores with one semop(2) system call. Since a semaphore set can have the maximum number of SEMMSL semaphores per semaphore set, it is often recommended to set SEMOPM equal to SEMMSL.

Oracle recommends to set SEMOPM to a minimum value of 100.

10- Setting semaphores

First of all to avoid wasting your time if you want to undo the following settings take a backup for this file "sysctl.conf" by using this command:

Setting the Semaphore Kernel Parameters

To make the change permanent, add or change the following line in the file /etc/sysctl.conf. This file is used during the boot process.

Alternatively, you can use sysctl(8) to change it:

To see the new updated semaphore settings, run:

11- Setting Shell Limits for the Oracle User (steps 12 & 13)

If you just install a small test database, then you might be ok with the current settings (note that the limits very often vary). But for (larger) production databases, you should increase the following shell limits to the following values recommended by Oracle:

The nofile option denotes the maximum number of open file descriptors, and nproc denotes the maximum number of processes available to a single user.

To see all shell limits, execute:

12- Setting the file handles

The maximum number of file handles can be changed in the proc file system without reboot:

Alternatively, you can use sysctl(8) to change it:

To make the change permanent, add or change the following line in the file /etc/sysctl.conf. This file is used during the boot process.

13- Setting the shell limits for the Oracle user

Now login to the oracle account again since the changes will become effective for new login sessions only.

To change this, you have to edit the file /etc/security/limits.conf as root and add the following lines, respectively:

Now login to the oracle account again since the changes will become effective for new login sessions only.

The default limit for oracle is now 4096 and the oracle user can increase the number of file handles up to 63536:

To make this change permanent, add "ulimit -n 63536" (for Bash) to the ~oracle/.bash_profile file which is the user startup file for the Bash shell on Mandrake Linux (to verify your shell run: echo $SHELL). To do this you could simply copy/paste the following commands for the oracle's Bash shell:

PAM modules are required for performing login

This is the PAM module that will read the /etc/security/limits.conf file. You need to add the following entry to these files: (1) /etc/pam.d/system-auth (2) /etc/pam.d/sshd (3) /etc/pam.d/su (4) /etc/pam.d/login

14- Setting Limits for the Maximum Number of Processes for the Oracle User

To see the current limit of the maximum number of processes for the oracle user, run:

Note that the ulimit options are different for other shells.

To change the "soft" and "hard" limits for the maximum number of processes for the oracle user (as ROOT), add the following lines to the /etc/security/limits.conf file:

To make this change permanent, add "ulimit -u 16384" (for Bash) to the ~oracle/.bash_profile file which is the user startup file for the Bash shell on Red Hat Linux (to verify your shell run: echo $SHELL). To do this you could simply copy/paste the following commands for the oracle's Bash shell:

15- Creating Oracle Directories

For Oracle10g you only need to create the directory for $ORACLE_BASE:

16- Setting Oracle enviorments

To have these environment variables set automatically each time you login as oracle, you can add these environment variables to the ~oracle/.bash_profile file which is the user startup file for the Bash shell on Red Hat Linux. To do this you could simply copy/paste the following commands to make these settings permanent for your oracle's Bash shell:

SID = "System Identifier" whicjh is the global databse name

17- Before you execute runInstaller, make sure the Oracle environment variables are set. You can verify the settings by running the set command:

InstallFest Q and A

InstallFest Q and A

In order to have this event running smoothly we need as much information as we can get from the people involved and also to answer all questions that visitors my ask.

What is an Installfest?

Linux community common word for : "installation festival"; Linux user groups run this event to introduce foss and install gnu/linux on visitor's computers. Computer users are invited to bring their machines to have GNU/Linux installed on their machines. The idea is to ease migrating to Linux, which is initially installing and configuring it for the user's machine.

What will happen in this Installfest?

if you are visiting us alone (without your pc) you will find some people who use free software and they also have some experience in other OS,they will be pleased to explain it for you. But if you bring your pc and you need to install gnu/linux you're also welcome, just make one suitable partition with 5 GB free. or unallocated space. If you can not do this it's ok just defrag your harddisk or have at least one partition that has free space.

I heard about the free thing! i think it will be mess? or it will be freak command line..

The word free has nothing to do with the price .It means freedom. And about the freak command line, you will see some intresting window transparency and more cool applications, seems that you are outdated check.

I have some knowledge can i help ?

Hey I had a Linux course but I feel Linux is not suitable for my desktop

I have GNU/Linux installed what to do ?

We encourage everyone to bring a computer on which he can install Linux. Any distribution, any version. Several members often bring in CDs, so all you really need to do is bring in a computer. Some people bring spare monitors, keyboards, and mice as well as power cables and power strips, but we encourage everyone to bring their own, as sometimes there's still not enough to go around, even with the spares. The more experienced members are there to lend a hand with any questions which may arise.

What to bring with me I am an M$ oriented class ?

• defrag a partition at home, and maybe even resize it, to make room for another partition.
• try to bring everything to make your computer work independently.
• bring blank cds with you.
• try to copy on your cds a gnu/linux distro.
• wait for someone (installer to help you ).
• After you have finished the installation, verify with the help of an installer, that the hardware in your machine has been configured properly: verify that you can listen to music, that the mouse functions, etc. The installer verifies that you have created at least one account in addition to "root".

I need my old system can I use it for a while, I am a student and there are assignments that should be reported as .doc files?

If you need only the other os for .doc file ,you can use Open Office. you can also use the old system through dual boot. Ask about this from the installer.

If my GNU/Linux crashes for any reason ,who will help ? does the Linux system give some 'not responding' messages also or not?

You are asking many questions. GNU/Linux is not related to any behavior of window$ .

Installing NetoDragon 56K modem (and other smartlink chipset modems)

NetoDragon softmodems "56k voice modem" seems to be taking over the market from Motorola's SM56. Here is the installation guide:

1. Download the latest Linux driver
2. Assuming that you have downloaded the file to your Windows partiton do the following: cp /path/to/driver/tarball /wherever/you/want cd /wherever/you/wanted tar -zxvf slmodem-2.9.X.tar.gz cd slmodem-2.9.X make su make install modprobe slamr slmodemd -c=YOUR COUNTRY'S NAME &

   For the 2.6 kernels you must have the kernel source installed in /usr/src/linux If you are using mandrake do as root: urpmi kernel-source

   And Happy surfing

Introduction to GNU/Linux for M$ Window$ users

1 Introduction

I will attempt to use a consistent layout for this document:

NAMES OF PEOPLE AND PROGRAMS WILL BE IN NOUN STYLE LIKE THIS.

'ARABISH¹ WORDS WILL BE IN NOUN STYLE AND QUOTED LIKE THIS'

file names and directories will be emphasized like this.

Warning and Important notices will be emphasized and bold.

commands entered by a normal user will be preceded by a dollar sign $.

command entered by root will be preceded by a hash sign #.

>any output the computer produces will be in typewriter style
>preceded with arrows like this.

any input or commands you should enter will be in typewriter style.

``quotes will look like this and will be followed by a reference pointer.''

You can skip the first section completely and jump to the practical problems and solutions, I intend to use heavy referencing to make it easier to jump from different locations in the document; a table of contents is inserted at the top of the document for your convenience.

2 Conceptual Differences

1 The Nature of LINUX

You may have heard/read the names LINUX, GNU, GNU/LINUX, X WINDOWS, KDE, GNOME, RED HAT, MANDRAKE, distro and a lot of other names, in the beginning its not clear what they all mean.

You probably already know that LINUX is free, but you know there are companies selling it, and then there is all this talk about the source, what does it all mean??.

1.1 What is LINUX ?

Strictly speaking LINUX is a an operating system kernel; a kernel is the part of the operating system that is responsible for the very basic operations of your system.

``The LINUX kernel acts as a mediator for your programs and your hardware. First, it does (or arranges for) the memory management for all of the running programs (processes), and makes sure that they all get a fair (or unfair, if you please) share of the processor's cycles. In addition, it provides a nice, fairly portable interface for programs to talk to your hardware.[1]''

Mostly when people speak about LINUX they mean the GNU/LINUX operating system which is the OS that runs your computer. GNU stands for (GNU IS NOT UNIX) it is a free clone of the popular UNIX operating system.

GNU was first written by RICHARD M STALLMAN the chairman of the Free Software Foundation http://www.fsf.org (FSF|), since the GNU system was still missing a kernel³, it was combined with the LINUX kernel to make the GNU/LINUX operating system.

GNU are all the basic tools you use in maintaining your system, it also includes lots of applications, libraries and a compiler.

1.2 What is a Distribution ?

Distributions or distros are products made by companies to simplify the installation and configuration of a GNU/LINUX operating system, some of the most popular distro are RED HAT, MANDRAKE, SUSE and DEBIAN. They are all GNU/LINUX and so they're very much similar, most software you use under LINUX is being developed independently from these distributions so applications will look and feel the same no matter what distro you use. The distro however provides you with an easy install script and wizards to automate lots of the configuration tasks, it also provides lots of precompiled packages that you can use directly without having to configure and compile yourself. The companies that make these distros also provide technical support, manuals and other services for their customers.

1.3 LINUX is Free ?!

Yes LINUX is free, but its not necessarily free as in zero price 'MAGANY'⁴ it is free as in freedom '7OR' this means that you the user have certain freedoms that no one can take from you.

``* The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).
* The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
* The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2).
* The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits. (freedom 3). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.[2]''

This is not the way WINDOWS or any other commercial software is, with WINDOWS you have no legal right to make copies of it; you can't even install it on more than one computer even if its yours. And there is no way you can access the source code for WINDOWS or be able to modify it.

If you manage to modify it you are not allowed to tell the world about it, even if your modification is an important bug fix or a new feature that MICROSOFT was never going to implement.

1.4 LINUX is Open Sourced ?!

As we mentioned in the previous section in order for GNU/LINUX to be free you the user must have access to the source code⁵. when the code of a piece of software is available to the public to study it is called open sourced.

All free software is open sourced, but not all open sourced software is free, some programs may allow you access to the source code but you can't modify or distribute it as you please[3].

1.5 LINUX is GPLed ?!

The GPL[4] or the GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE is the most popular and strongest free software license, it is the GPL that ensures you have all the freedoms described in section 1.3, the GPL is a strong license because it is a copyleft license, copyleft (as opposed to copyright) means that if you distribute modified GPL software your modifications should be distributed under the GPL too, this ensures that no company can take a GPLed program and turn it into a secret closed one restricting its user's freedoms[5].

MICROSOFT software is distributed under an END USER LEGAL AGREEMENT that is very restrictive, any breach of this agreement (like making a copy of WINDOWS for your friends) is considered a criminal act and puts you in the risk of heavy sentences.

1.6 Who owns LINUX ?

Free software has no owners, although the FSF holds the copyrights to the GNU system and LINUS holds the copyrights and trademarks to LINUX; this only means that no one can go and make another product and call it LINUX or GNU and that no one else can claim they were the first to write LINUX.

Not even LINUS or the FSF can restrict your freedoms to use and modify the GNU/LINUX system.

1.7 We've always copied WINDOWS any way!

Or in other words, why do we need free software, if its safe to copy non free software?!

You may think it is safe to copy non free software, this is more or less true if you are a home user, but large organizations such as companies and government agencies cannot afford to run illegally copied software anymore, with the pressure generated by extra-territorial laws and international agreements such as the GATT. If you are trying to set up a small business then most probably you cannot afford the price of commercial software licenses (think of what will happen to all these offices in 'BEIN EL SARAYAT' if they had to pay for the software they use).

But free software isn't about the price only, when you buy non free software form a company like MICROSOFT, you have to rely on MICROSOFT for support and further development of the software, if you are a computer professional you have to rely on MICROSOFT for certification and training. This means more money to be paid for a foreign economy, but since LINUX is free, you can set up your own LINUX company that supports and further develops it; this way when someone buys your product or request your services the money will benefit your local economy.

With free software it doesn't matter how underdeveloped the country is or how far ahead the rest are, when technology is free we can really own it. If technology isn't free then we have to choose between reinventing the wheel or relying on others to provide us with it.

1.8 I'm not a programmer why do I need the code ?

Even if you are not a programmer the openness of the code is very important to you, its because the code is open and free that GNU/LINUX is such a reliable OS, since thousands of programmers are working on developing and fixing it.
If a anyone finds a bug they can look at the code and fix it, if you find a bug and can't fix it yourself you can report it and someone else will fix it. If there is a feature in a free software package that is missing you can hire someone to develop it for you, and if this feature is useful for many people you can probably find someone to implement it for free.

The open sourced nature of GNU/LINUX protects you from security problems and trap doors, since the system is heavily peer reviewed by the world best programmers. With WINDOWS you cannot tell if it has trap doors or not, you cannot know if it sends data about you compromising your privacy.
Actually MICROSOFT software is known to be full of secret undocumented features, for instance all office documents carry a special ID that is unique to your machine, thus compromising your privacy.

WINDOWS is notorious for its security problems and its weakness towards viri, GNU/LINUX on the other hand is very secure and no known virus was ever able to harm it thanx to its open nature.

Availability of the code also ensures that your favorite piece of software will not suddenly die because its author lost interest or got busy, since its free anyone can develop it and release new versions, you don't need to rely on one vendor.

2 The UNIX Heritage

As we told you before, GNU is a UNIX clone, so its natural that GNU/LINUX would share many common features with UNIX, it is this UNIX heritage that makes GNU/LINUX so different from M$ WINDOWS, in this section we'll explore the basic ideas behind a UNIX system.

2.1 What is UNIX anyway?

UNIX is the oldest living operating system, it was first written by KEN THOMPSON and DENNIS RITCHIE⁶ when they were working at AT&T, it could be considered as the grand daddy of all operating systems in use today.

AT&T licensed UNIX to many companies and universities, who in turn developed their own versions of it, which resulted to many different UNICES, these UNICES fall into the two wide categories of BSD UNIX and AT&T UNIX.

Efforts to standardize all these UNICES resulted in the POSIX standard, GNU/LINUX is very POSIX compliant.

2.2 You still use the command line? Isn't that archaic?

No not at all, most UNIX and LINUX users would tell you that the command line is much more powerful and versatile. This power of the command line is an integral part of the UNIX philosophy.

So while WINDOWS is trying very hard to get rid of the command line, GNU/LINUX relies on it for all its functionality, to the point that most graphical tools and applications rely on command driven tools to do the real work. This of course give you the best of the two worlds, and most important of all it gives you choice.

So if you prefer Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) go ahead, you'll find it as easy to use as WINDOWS and even more powerful.

But if you want to release the power of your computer and your mind try to learn the command line, its not as scary as it seems.

2.3 The UNIX philosophy

I told you that UNIX is an operating system, but to think of it as a mere OS would be a gross understatement, it is much more than that, it is a complete philosophy specifying that small and simple is better. All UNICES are geared around the idea that writing small programs that do one job but do it perfectly thus becoming tools and not applications gives the user more power since he can combine these tools and use them together to get a result that is greater than the sum of these tools.

But the efficient use of these tools depends on the creativity and intelligence of you the user.

So unlike WINDOWS which assumes you have the IQ of a potato and tries to tell you how to do things, GNU/LINUX like all UNICES waits for you to harness it and tell it what you want done.

2.4 Multi user & multi tasking

Although the UNIX command line looks a bit like the old DOS command line which still lives in the heart of WINDOWS, don't be fooled by its appearance it is much more powerful than DOS.

UNIX is from day one a multi tasking environment, which means you can run several task at the same time.

try this:

$ mpg321 somesong.mp3 &

But thats not all GNU/LINUX is a multi user system too, since it was designed for a networking environment it allows several users to use the computer and run different programs at the same time.

Try it your self press Ctrl-F2 and a new login screen will open, you can login with a different account, or even open a new session of the same account.

You may think this is only useful for satisfying split identity disorders, but on the contrary as you get used to GNU/LINUX you'll find many uses for this feature.

WINDOWS is not really a multiuser OS although it acts as if it is, this multi user nature of GNU/LINUX is one of the main reasons behind many confusions to new users, issues like ownership and permissions would make perfect sense when you understand the multi user nature of UNICES.

2.5 Only one tree ! or a look at the file system.

While WINDOWS is based around the idea of drives, where every partition and media has its own drive name (like C: D: E:) and each drive has its own directory tree that begins with a root directory for every drive (C:\, D:\, E:\). GNU/LINUX on the other hand follows the UNIX tradition of having only one tree. This tree has only on root directory (/) and all partition and media are connected to this tree through a process called mounting.

So in WINDOWS if I want the second partition I have to go to D:, but in GNU/LINUX I'd go to the directory /mnt/win_d

This is a bit confusing in the beginning but you'll get used to it quickly.

The fact that GNU/LINUX has only one tree, meant that it could have a much more organized file structure, where files are grouped together by their type and function instead of letting each program handle its own files in any random way.

2.5.0.0.1 The basic file structure of GNU/LINUX is discussed in section.

2.6 Everything is a file

This is one of the most confusing yet powerful aspects of GNU/LINUX.

By everything we mean literally everything; directories are files, hard disks are files, partitions are files, Internet connections are files. EVERYTHING is a file in GNU/LINUX.

But this makes us wonder what is a file exactly??

In a very non formal way a file is just a stream of bytes, and you can usually read and write streams of bytes to the file.

Files could either be:

normal files

this includes all the files you deal with everyday like text files, binary files, MP3S and HTML documents.

directories

directories are sometimes called folders.

devices

this includes all devices whether real or logical, like hardisks and their partitions, mice and network connections.

named pipes

these are special files used to link the output of a program with the input of another program.

sockets

are special files used for networking and communication between different processes.

2.7 Funny Names :-)

Yes UNIX tools and programs always had funny and interesting names, GNU took this to an extreme like the pager called LESS because it is a more powerful pager than the pager called MORE.

These naming conventions reflect a whole culture; the Hackers' culture, which in itself reflects how fun and enjoyable computing could be.

This is one of GNU/LINUX'S main advantages over WINDOWS, it is fun, it doesn't try to hide its weaknesses with obscure technical messages and yet it doesn't try to sound too stupid and dumb (ala my computer style).

For an interesting look at Hackers' culture check The Jargon File http://www.tuxedo.org/ esr/jargon/html/index.html.

3 The File System

As mentioned in the previous section, the GNU/LINUX system follows the UNIX tradition by having one tree only, in this section we study with more details the organization and structure of this tree and of various file types.

3.1 File System support

One point where GNU/Linux excels is its wide support of file systems, your GNU/Linux file system could access nearly all file systems in use today⁷, This means that you don'thave to worry about what other OSes you or your friends use, for instance you could have all your media files stored in a windows partition so you can use them from both Linux and Windows.

originaly the native file system for GNU/Linux was minix, but then Linux finaly had its own file system called ExtFS which stands for Extended File System.

the FS most widely used today is EXT2FS.

3.2 Linux doesn't know how to defrag?!

yes can you believe it, they spent all this time and effort making it and no one thought of making a defrag utility!

but slow down, the Linux native file systems don't need a defrag utility, yes thats right ExtFS is sooo good and stable it doesn't need to defrag at all!

Windows as you are sure to know needs defraging once a month.

3.3 What about scandisk, can I forget about that too

not so fast, while Linux is much better than windows at handeling the file system, and since it is much more stable, data loss of the harddisk hardly happens without your help, but since nothing is perfect⁸ you still need a file system checking and repair tool, in GNU/Linux its called fsck.

most distros will run a fsck every twenty or thirty reboots, and off course if you ever restart the computer without closing the system it will do a fsck.

3.4 What if I use journaling

some file system use a technology called journalling, journalling simply means that the FS keeps track of all changes made and changes that should be made in a special table called the journal, the journal is written to the harddisk frequently, so when harddisk crash or power outage happens, the file system can go back and finish what needs to be done or undo what needs to be undone.

the native EXT3FS adds journaling to EXT2FS, thus making it more stable and giving you the benefit of nearly never running a fsck.

another nice thing about EXT3 is that it uses the same structure as EXT2 this means that migrating from EXT2 to EXT3 or back takes seconds and there is no risk of data loss involved.

3.5 Files and their properties.

the fact that GNU/Linux uses a different file system from windows means that there are some differences in how it handels files and in the properties and attributes of these files, most of these attributes are necessary for a multiuser envirement.

you should know about these properties in order to avoid problems and be able use GNU/Linux efficiently.

3.5.1 Filenames are case sensitive

unlike windows, file names in GNU/Linux are case sensitive, this means that files foo, Foo, FOO and fOo are different files. this could cause lots of confusion when you are looking for files or applications.

very few excutables⁹ have capital letters but you should still be careful.

3.5.2 Linux Does Not Need Filname Extensions?

While Widows uses file extensions to determine the data type of files. GNU/Linux does not need filename extensions at all, you'll find thousands of files with no extension in your GNU/Linux system¹⁰, intead GNU/Linux uses a tool called file to determine the datatype of each file.

however note that some GUI apps specially MIME enabled apps use extensions to guess the type of media files.

you can run the file tool yourself to check the datatype of file like this

$file fubar.pdf

>fubar.pdf: Ogg-Vorbis compressed sound file

$file foo

>foo: Bourne-Again shell script text executable

$file hello_world.cc

>hello_world.cc: ASCII C program text

3.5.3 File ownership

because of the multi user nature of GNU/Linux systems, files have ownership, since you cannot let users read each others email and delete each others work.

each file has an owner and belongs to a group. to see who owns certain files you do this

$ls -l

>-rwxrwxr- 1 foo mail 26624 Jan 27 06:02 foo

>-rw-rw-r- 1 foo code 300 Feb 7 14:15 hello_world.cc

>-rw-r-r- 1 root root 3932007 Feb 7 01:42 fubar.pdf

^^^^ ^^^^

these two values are sometimes reffered to as UID and GID (which stands for User ID and Group ID)¹¹.

as you can see from the listing, the owner of foo is user foo and it belongs to group mail, the owner of hello_world.cc is foo and it belongs to the group code and finaly the owner of fubar.pdf is root and it belongs to group root¹².

but what are groups??

groups are a way to give multiple users access to the same files or resources, all users belonging to the group mail can send and recieve mail, all users belonging to the group audio can play music, etc.

3.5.4 File Permissions

permissions are file attributes that tell the system who has access rights to files and directories.

to see file permission you need to run this command again

$ls -l

>-rwxrwxr-x 1 foo mail 26624 Jan 27 06:02 foo

>-rw-rw-r- 1 foo code 300 Feb 7 14:15 hello_world.cc

>-rw-r--- 1 root root 3932007 Feb 7 01:42 fubar.pdf

^^^^ ^^^^

the letters r, w, and x are used to represent different permissions.

r

stands for read permission, if you have read permission to a file you can read from it and see it content.

w

stands for write permission, if you have write permission to a file you can write to it and modify it.

x

excute permmision, if you have excute permission to a file you can run the file.

but why does the listing have more than one r,w and x??

this is because there are three sets of permissions:

owner permissions¹³

this is the set of permission for the owner of the file, only the owner can change a files permission.

group permission

this is the set of permission for all users who belong to the files's group.

world permissions¹⁴

this is the set of permissions for all users.

for instance in the previous listing the file foo is readable,writable and executable by its owner the user foo, and it is also readable, writable and executable by all members of the group mail. but other users only have read and execute permissions

while the file hello_world.c is readable and writable by its owner foo and all members of the group code. other users are only allowed to read it.

and finaly the file fubar.pdf is readable and writable by the its owner the user root, other members of the group root can only read it and the rest of the world has no access to it at all.

3.5.5 Directory permissions

since directories are files, they too have the same set of permissions, but their meaning is a bit different from files.

for directories the read permission means you have the right to

r

if you have read permission to a directory you can list the directory contents.

w

if you have write permission to a directory you can modify the files contained in it or add new files.

x

if you have excute permission to a directory you can enter that directory.

an interesting situation occurs when you only have excute permission to a directory, in that case you have the right to enter the directory but you cannot list its content, you can however read any file in the directory if you have the permission to that file, but you cannot tell what the filenames are.

if you have read permission only you can list the files inside the directory but you cannot access them at all.

so to be able to modify a file you have to have all permissions to its parent directory.

Remember the delete permission is a directory write permission

3.6 Directory Organization

Unlike WINDOWS programs, all GNU/LINUX Programs follow a standard way of organizing files based on the content and function of the files, similar files are grouped together and put in one directory.

These directories don't have to belong to one partition, they could even belong to another computer on the network.

Lets explore these directories.

/bin¹⁵

contains all programs neccesary for the correct operation of the system, they are not stored in /usr/bin because it is common to have /usr on a different location which may not be accessable for any number of reasons like a network failure.

/boot

contains all the kernel images used to boot your computer.

/dev

contains all your devices.

/etc

contains all system wide configuration files that apply to all users.

/home

contains the home directories of all the users, users store their personal data and configuration files there. It is common to have a seperate /home partition.

/lib

contains libraries needed to run the basic operations of the system.

/mnt

where most external media and extra partitions are mounted.

/proc

a virtual file system that contains special files which carry information about your system.

/sbin

basic system programs that can only be used by root, needed for correct operation of the system.

/tmp

contains temporary files.

/usr

all files accessible by users, contains all programs binaries, data files and documentations among other things.

/var

all variable data like log files, different caches and print and mail spools.

Bibliography

1

The Linux Kernel HOWTO http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO-3.html

2

FSF: The Free Software Definition http://www.fsf.org/philosophy/free-sw.html

3

The Open Source Initiative: Open Source Definition http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition_plain.html

4

FSF: GNU General Public License http://www.fsf.org/licenses/gpl.html

5

FSF: What is Copyleft? http://www.fsf.org/licenses/licenses.html#WhatIsCopyleft

About this document ...

This document was generated using the LaTeX2HTML translator Version 2002-2-1 (1.70)

Copyright © 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, Nikos Drakos, Computer Based Learning Unit, University of Leeds.
Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, Ross Moore, Mathematics Department, Macquarie University, Sydney.

The command line arguments were:
latex2html -no_subdir -split 0 -show_section_numbers /tmp/lyx_tmpdir24679ybuTjF/lyx_tmpbuf0/linuxintro.tex

The translation was initiated by alaa on 2004-08-05

Footnotes

...'Arabish¹

Arabic words written in Latin letters 'KEDA YA3NI'

...terminal²

The panels of KDE and GNOME usually comes with a button that looks like a black computer screen clicking on it will open a terminal.

... kernel³

The GNU kernel HURD is now nearly complete and many developers are using it right now.

...magany'⁴

Although it is most of the time.

... code⁵

The source code is a detailed description of a program written in a programming language, LINUX and GNU are written in C.

... Ritchie⁶

Who was the author of the C language

... today⁷

This needs some special kernel configuration though, most distros will support the very popular file systems.

... perfect⁸

specially the power supply

... excutables⁹

files that run applications and programs

... system¹⁰

file name extensions are usually three characters that follow the dot (.) like .ogg in foo.ogg

...¹¹

actualy UID and GID are usualy used to refer to a numerical ID that identifies users and groups. to see a listing of files with numerical UID and GID data instead run this

$ls -ln

... root¹²

the root user's UID is always 0

... [owner permissions¹³

sometimes refered to as user permission

... [world permissions¹⁴

sometimes refered to as others permissions

.../bin¹⁵

bin stands for binaries, directories called bin contain excutable files and programs.

Introductory to CFEngine session slides

CFEngine 1

1. Introduction
2. Short look at FAI (Fully Automated Installation)
3. CFEngine
   1. Why to use
   2. How it works
4. An Example
5. CFEngine and networks

CFEngine 2

Task : maintain a network

• install machines
• configuration machines
• change configuration
• reinstall machines
• document configuration

Solution well defined method & values

• Instatllation via FAI
• configuration via CFEngine
• maintain config value via :
  • text file
  • X.500 (ldap)

CFEngine 3 (fai Example 1)

Server

1. Install fai.
2. FAI setup :
   1. debootstrap nfs root
   2. base.tgz
   3. additional software
   4. add user fai
3. Configure fai

• package group :
  • base
  • server
  • X11
  • KDE
  • Router
• disc config : server -> wks1 router -> wks2
• profiles :
  • server : base,server
  • wks : base,X11,KDE
• resolve profiles :
  • srv_.* --> Server.
  • wks1_.* --> wks1.
  • router_.* --> Router.

4. DHCP

• MAC1 = srv_myserver
• MAC2...n = wks_1 ....wks1_n
• MACx... = rtr_myrouter

CFEngine 4 (fai Example 2)

Client

• booting
• mounting nfs root
• resolve valid profiles
• partition disks
• untar base.tgz
• install software
• configure mahine
• reboot

• installation 10-20 minutes .
• parallel installation .
• full automatic.
• well defined values.
• create installation.

CFEngine 5 (Advantages)

• different hardware.
• different os.
• diffrerent distributions.
• different configurations.

• easy to maintain
• easy to document.

CFEngine 6

CFEngine runs local.

Actions :

• Files
• editfiles
• copy
• shellcommands

Classes:

• Any
• Build in
• Set defined
  • by modules
  • inside cfengine

modules :

• self written
• can defined
  • classes
  • variable

CFEngine 7

Example :

• /etc/cfengine/cfagent.conf

generate configuration .

• /etc/cfengine/cf.cairo

code to push values to target files

• /etc/cfcairo/cairomodules.pl

module to export our values for cfengine

• /etc/cfcairo/cairovar

our values for configuration.

CFEngine 8

1. cfservd.con

• which server to trust
• which network is allowed to connect
• how to handle keys

1. update.conf

perform actions before regular cfagent run

like : copy new value files. copy new cf code.

1. cfrun host_1 host_2 host_3

• check key
• call cfagent on each host

Learn How to use GNU/Linux

Linux OS overview benefits

Cause of the last days mostly talking about GNU/Linux as the present/future OS and all organizations on all over the world aware about it and follow it as it's the Perfect efficiency, Low Price: (You don't need to spend time and money to obtain licenses since Linux and much of it's software come with the GNU General Public License),

Stability: Linux doesn't need to be rebooted periodically to maintain performance levels. It doesn't freeze up or slow down over time due to memory leaks and , Great in performance provides persistent high performance, Network :client and server systems can be easily set up on any computer running Linux. Flexibility: Linux can be used for high performance server applications, desktop applications, and embedded systems. You can save disk space by only installing the components needed for a particular use.

Compatibility: It runs all common Unix software packages , Windows apps. and more powerful applications and can process all common file formats.

Choice: The large number of Linux distributions gives you a choice. Installation: user-friendly installation and setup programs

Full use of hard disk: Linux continues work well even when the hard disk is almost full

Multitasking: Linux is designed to do many things at the same time (GREAT , intelligent and powerful scheduling for tasks )

Security: Linux is one of the most secure operating systems. "Walls" and flexible file access permission intelligent systems prevent access by unwanted visitors or viruses.

Open source: If you develop software that requires knowledge or modification of the operating system code, Linux's source code is at your fingertips

And More …. More more more………………

Today, the combination of inexpensive computers and free high-quality Linux operating system and software provide incredibly low-cost solutions for both basic home office use and high-performance business and science applications

MAY always will be one question ( WHY ) ; Windows is simple for End-user uses and no need for complexity , that's right ; but ..at first Computer days it was also the Batching , MS-DOS and windows were a complexity and the computer it self was a complexity , something more is that in the near future all PCs running windows at the current days , they'll run Linux that provides incredibly low-cost solutions for examples like the big Organization , Corporation and Foundations (Jaguar , Ford ….) so due to that we hope that we can present you a way to follow it to be able to act with this OS revolution switch

yours Mina r.

Linux Software Projects ... any one want to develop?

Many of computer science students asking about a project ideas to develop in the courses or in graduation projects to help in linux development.

So, in this page we will add any idea we want to see it in linux platforms and people will see it and start to implement if they want.

we will categorise the projects.

• DBMS
  • MySQL Forms, A form builder based on MySQL Server.
• Networking
  • IP, DNS configuration tool.
  • Apache Configuration Tool.
• Multimedia
  • Arabic subtitles for xine backend
• Arabization
  • OCR
  • Text to speech
  • Speech recognition
  • Scribus
• Distributions
• Tools
  • Tool to edit the fstab file.
• Internet Applications

It is much better to improve an existing project rather than starting from scratch, also it is better to read standards that apply to a certain field and follow their instructions.

MEPIS - Reasons to try it

Based on Debian, SimplyMEPIS is gaining lots of popularity - it's now on the top 4 in distrowatch for this month, exceeding Gentoo, Ubuntu and even Debian itself !

I'm not going to write a full reveiw about MEPIS. I'll just tell you why I like it and what I'd like to see fixed.

SimplyMEPIS is a LiveCD, you can run it directly from the CD-ROM or install it to your hard drive. Here is where things get nice - the easiest and fastest installation I've ever seen, with almost no questions asked. Now that's what I call newbie-friendly !

That's the main reason I like MEPIS: it's basically a Debian system that simply WORKS without the hassle & long installation. Almost everything comes ready out-of-the box, including browser plugins !

MEPIS tools include the installation program, System Center & User utilities. They're very easy to use but they're nowhere near Mandrake's Configuration Center. It was easy to setup the nvidia driver with TwinView from the system center - something I really liked.

I really hope people will give it a try, I'm sure many of you will keep it. I'm using it for a month now and I'm really satisfied with it.

Links:

In a nutshell: You get a robust Debian system at a glance.

Meeting About AAST

we had another small meeting to talk about what kind of events we can do @ aast and also we talked about some other topics

people attended :

1. ShErbO
2. Mina_linux_tux
3. deftones
4. Kiven_09
5. DarKnesS_WolF

we started at 7 , all of us was there befour 7 excpet deftones who was late for a while but mina_linux_tux told us he will be late . 1st we talked again about the courses and then what we can do at aast

Alex courses in net cafes

we talk a short time talking about it cuz mina_linux_tux and deftones wasn`t in the 1st meeting .. we talked about the course head lines and it seems good we will use mandrake 10.1 and mandrake docs as material ... we are wating for our 1st 8 students to start. and mina_linux_tux can give advanced / programing under linux courses if it`s needed. we want to make the 1st course as a test to c if we want to add or remove anything from the course it self so we guess it's better to be for our friends , and it will take about 8 ~ 10 hours. mina_linux_tux will talk to another net cafes to see if we can give free courses there too

AAST events

mina_linux_Tux talked about about what he had reached with aast guys , thay can give us lab to do semminar or installfest and IEEE can give a semminar with us too if we want. and he will set a meeting with the aast guy and the event will start in the beginning of the 2nd term since exames are close ..

i guess that was all

P.S guys from the meeting if i forget anything feel free to post it ;)

Mysql Basics

Start MySql

$su
$/etc/init.d/mysqld start
Starting MySQL:                                            [  OK  ]

Open mysql command line :

$ mysql -u root -p
password : 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3 to server version: 4.0.20
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql>

if root haven't password remove -p

Show Databases :

mysql> show databases;
+----------+
| Database |
+---------- +
| drupal    |
| mysql     |
| test      |
| tmp       |
+----------+
*mysql>

Open database :

mysql> use mysql;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
Database changed
mysql>

Read table information:

mysql>show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_mysql |
+-----------------+
| columns_priv    |
| db              |
| func            |
| host            |
| tables_priv     |
| user            |
+-----------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>

Create new Database:

mysql> create database hazem;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec)
mysql>

Create Tables:

mysql> create table Friends(id integer , name char(20));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql>

Insert Data into table:

mysql> insert into Friends values(1,'alaa');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql>

Read information of table :

mysql> select * from Friends;
+------+-----------+
| id   | name      |
+------+-----------+
|    1 | alaa      |
|    2 | manal     |
|    3 | MSameer   |
|    3 | OneOfOne  |
|    3 | BlueViper |
|    3 | Yousef    |
+------+-----------+
6 rows in set (0.07 sec)
mysql>

Delete Table :

mysql> drop tablen Friends;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql>

Drop Database

mysql> drop database mysql;
mysql>

Close Mysql :

mysql>\q
Bye
$

Network HowTo ( Should be translated to Arabic )

Arabic Network Howto for any distro:

The following is just a quick draft. Not even in Arabic. But eventually should be. Needs to be translated.

1) Loading your ethernet card driver.

2) Setting up the network.

DHCP

After loading your driver you can get sure that it is recognized by typing

Usually your card will have network interface name eth0. If your router/modem is running a DHCP server (in other words is set to automaticly give ip addressses to devices connected to it) just use

Static IP

Here you must know mainly three things:

• The IP range of addresses you are allowed to take and
• The IP address of the gateway (router)
• An IP address of any DNS server (usually your router acts as a DNS server for you so you the IP address of the DNS is usually that of your router)

Give yourself an IP.

Where 192.168.1.1 is your IP.

Specify the gateway

Where 192.168.1.0 is the IP of your router or DSL Modem.

Specify DNS servers

Edit /etc/resolve.conf and put some DNS servers. Put the following

Where again 192.168.1.0 is the IP of your router or DSL Modem.

Notes on Drupal

Concepts

What is a CMS ?

highly philosophical question, no clear answer.

one must understand how the web is built out of HTML pages, CMS systems simplify the process of publishing and generating these HTML pages and make it possible to allow website visitors to contribute content (as in forums, comments, or even wikis).

Platforms

there are 4 major platforms for web applications including CMSs

1. CGI
2. Java
3. LAMP
4. .Net

LAMP is by far the cheapest, most popular and most widely supported, since LAMP is built on FOSS and is very easy and cheap to build for, deploy, run and maintain. there are thousands of FOSS projects that provide you with useful packaged webapplications that you can start using immediately.

this enables anyone to have a complex and rich website (or benefit from other webapplications), Drupal is one among a huge variety of FOSS, ready to run, easy to use CMS systems.

What should I expect from a CMS

• Interface for creating, editing, moving, deleting, etc pages
• Navigation
• User Management, accounts, permissions, profiles etc
• RSS Syndication
• Themes
• Search
• standalone modules or applications (forums, calendars, wikis, surveys)

Drupal offers

• Great platform for community websites
• Special support for cheap hosting situations
• Vibrant community, fast development process
• many many useful modules
• translated to many languages (EGLUG and Arabeyes working on Arabic Translation)
• Easy to use (relative to its power and flexibility, there are easier systems)
• support for multiple user roles
• support for complex categorization of content
• different content types
• powerfull syndicated content aggregation
• multiple methods of data input
• multiple ways to make themes
• easy to build themes
• easy to develop new modules and extensions

Steps involved in installing Drupal (or any webapp)

1. get hosting space that supports PHP+Mysql or configure your own webserver

1. unpack package
2. edit configuration file (only 2 things need to be set in drupal)
3. upload files (typically using ftp)
4. create and prepare database (typically using command line or phpMyAdmin)
5. create admin account
6. configure periodic actions (cronjob)

we do not cover installing drupal today, the details will differ according to your hosting service, and the platform you use at home.

check the drupal documentation and post any questions on the EGLUG forums, those who need help making a local installation on their GNU/Linux pcs can seek help on Saturday gatherings.

Steps involved in creating a website using drupal

1. Configure Drupal
2. Add extra modules (maybe develop your own)
3. Configure Modules
4. Choose Theme (or create new theme)
5. design category taxonomy
6. design site navigation and content layout
7. Decide on User roles (author, editor, admin, etc.), brief members of different roles (workflow)
8. create static content
9. populate with dynamic content, maintain site (ongoing process)
10. monitor reader activity, errors, complaints etc.
11. keep track of new modules, updates, new versions
12. measure performance and configure throttle accordingly
13. contribute back to drupal community

Tour Through Drupal

we will assume a site with the typical roles Author, Editor, WebAdmin

Authors

Responsibilities

• create content
• edit own content
• submit content for publishing or publish directly (depending on workflow)
• categorize content according to existing categories

Practice

• look at create content page
• look at content creating/edit form
• quick look at built in content types
• quick look at important extra content types

Editor

Responsibilities

• everything author does
• edit anyone's content
• mass administer content
• administer comments
• create and maintain categorization system
• review content categorization

Practice

• administer content
• administer comments
• taxonomy creation, editing etc
• quick look at modules that build on top of taxonomy

WebAdmin

Responsibilities

• everything editor can do
• configure theme
• configure website
• enable/disable modules
• configure modules
• manage user accounts, permissions, roles etc
• track user activities and system logs
• configure input formats
• configure content types
• configure workflow (limited)

Practice

• admin menu
• admin->themes
• admin->modules
• admin->settings menu
• admin->users
• watchdog, system logs
• admin->input formats
• admin->content types

Notes on the 1st GNU\Linux course

Sun 1-8-2004

Notes:

Background:

• Free Software (4 freedoms)
• Open Source (security in Linux)
• Q: Benefits of Free Software\Open Source
  • Do it yourself
  • Limited markets\needs (e.g gimp module for color blind ppl)
  • Price (legal)

Installation:

• What is Booting?
  • BIOS
• General rules of installing a new operating system?
  • Partitioning
  • Package Selection
  • Locale selection
  • Hardware configuration
  • Boot Loader
  • Network configuration
• Partions in Linux:
  • at least 2
  • swap
• Hardware problems?
  • with internal modems
  • Linux comes with all drivers
• Security:
  • Levels
  • Administrator (root user)
• Partitioning:
  • If you have windows there will be 1 more options (use free space on windows)
  • You need to defrag before resizing a windows partition
• Custom disk partitioning
• types of file system
  • use journalized ext3
• Packages:
  • Desktop layers
  • LSB: Linux standard Base
  • If you choose to install servers, Mandrake makes sure of your choice (security)
• Users
  • / and the root user are not related
  • Multiuser system
  • Administrator is the only user who can change the settings of the system
  • you need to press accept user before you press next
• Boot Loader
  • accept the suggested options

There was an error in the Cds so we delayed the rest of the installation demonstration to the 2nd session and skiped to Desktop demonstration.

Desktop:

• Clipboard
• Maximize, Minimize
• Mandrake Documentation

What do use Computer in?

• Office
• Internet
• Multimedia
• Programming:
  • C++ (can do it on Linux)
  • C# (under developmnet)
  • C (can do it on Linux)
  • Visual Basic (Gambas is similar)
  • Visual C++ (can't do it, it's a M$ product)
  • Java (can do it on Linux)
  • Scripting (perl, python, php)
  • for embeded devices (can do it on Linux)
• Graphics
  • photoshop (GIMP)
  • flash

Tue 3-8-2004

Notes:

Installation (cont.)

• root user, useers
• Location
• Time Zone
  • GMT (Don't select it if yoou are using windows)
  • ???
• Network
  • Installer thinks you are using dhcp, but you need to configure the network
  • LAN connection (also if you have DSL @ home)
  • choose eth0
  • ignore that it's already detected and manual config it
  • remove network hot plugin option (useful if you will remove the cable in the middle of the install)
  • configure the network same as we configured it before (59, 60, 61, 62, 29, 63, 64) gateway (1.1)
• DNS:
  • 62.140.73.1
  • 62.140.73.2
  • 161.121.2.2
• Firewall:
  • everything allowed
• Updates
  • select No
• Last screen: (Advanced button)
  • Auto install floppy (useful if you will install on other identical PCs)
  • Save package selection (useful if you will install on other different PCs and you want to install the same set of packages)

Will need to install:

• Mozilla (better do it while installation)
• Scribus
• Superkaramba
• Nvu
• Blender
• Inkscape
• Lifrea

Desktop:

• Add panel
• Applets
• KDE --> configure your desktop

Office:

• KOffice and GnomeOffice
• OpenOffice:
  • OOWriter (styles, export to pdf, advanced html)
  • OOCalc (more accurate, gnumeric, export to pdf)
  • OOImpress (export to pdf or macromedia flash)
  • OpenOffice has a windows version

Internet Apps:

• Netscape 1998 --> Mozilla
• Konquerer
• Mozilla
  • CTRL T --> open new tabs
  • F9 --> sidebar (search, bookmarks, history)
  • sidebar is expandable (news)
  • edit --> preferences --> languages (make default character encoding windows 1256)
  • Apperance ==> plugins (XUL platform)
• Mozilla mail
  • same as outlook express
  • can open newsgroups
  • scripts to get your email from yahoo, hotmail, gmail
• Kontact
  • same as Microsoft Outlook
  • to do + mail + ...
• Kolab
• Kopete
  • needs upgrade for yahoo and msn
  • video & voice chat not supported yet (working on it in gaim)
  • plugins (dictionary, encryption)
• Konquerer
  • network icon (sftp://ip)
• Liferea
  • get RSS feed of EGLUG
  • In preferences: use browser command (mozilla %s)
• gftp
• kget (equivalent to getright)

Multimedia:

• Totem (get movies from sftp://192.168.1.64)
• Gmplayer and Mplayer
• Gimp 2 (/usr/share/wallpapers)
• Gqview
  • duplicate (grap all & drop, compare by)
  • info about digital images
  • Sort manager
• kdeinlive (similar to moviemaker)
  • Cinelara (hard), Avidimux (easy)
• Audicity
  • Ardur (hard)
• Blender (equivalent tp 3dmax)
  • export source code to OpenGL
  • scripts with python (3d interactive)
  • filter ability
  • Blender interactive version generates executables for windows, makintosh and Linux
• Inkscape
  • supports svg
  • make paths that you can use for filters or selection areas in gimp
• Qcad (office --> graphs)
• Superkaramba
  • /usr/share/apps/superkaramba/themes
  • move it eith ALT
• Nvu
• Gnucash (office --> finances)
• Scribus (equivalent to publisher, quarkx express)
  • desktopp publishing tools
  • no arabic support yet
• Dia: connected graphs (office --> graphs)
• Imageseek (just mentioned it)
• LyX
  • WYSIWYM
  • export to pdf

Web Apps:

70% of the web servers are apache servers

Thr 5-8-2004

Notes:

Closer look on the OS (components and concepts)

• Compatible with Unix
• GNU\Linux didn't take of Unix but is similar to it
• Simplicity:
  • single task, do it well
  • procedure for communication
• Linux kernel:
  • hardware drivers
  • networking
  • file system
• GNU tools:
• GNU Development tools:
  • libraries
  • compilers (install, build)
  • use it if you want to compile a driver for example
• we can say that Linux consists of:
  • kernel
  • GNU tools
  • GNU development tools
• hardware
  • --> kernel
    • --> X server
      • --> desktop
• graphical == X window system
• login in failsafe
  • graphical interface without desktop environment
  • no panels, icons, background, borders, menu
  • CTRL + ALT + backspace to logout of graphical interface
• Client - Server:
  • X window
  • cups (for printers)
  • sane (for scanners)
• Samba
  • see windows network
  • see windows share
  • share from my desktop
• services:
  • crond
  • sshd
• Single tree
• file names (case sensitive)
• file system
  • choose depends on the purpose of the directory

file tree (EVERYTHING is a FILE):

• /bin ==> programs (minimum programs only, e.g. gnu tools)
• /boot ==> kernel (vmlinuz2.6...)
• /etc ==> configuration files of the whole system
• /mnt ==> mount external media
• /root ==> home of the root user
• /sbin ==> programs/commands that only the root can use
• /tmp ==> temporary files
• /var ==> files that are modified while we are working (e.g. score of a game)
• /usr has bin, etc,.. same as /
  • /usr/bin ==> executables of all applications
  • /usr/include ==> header files
  • /usr/lib ==> libraries for apps
  • /usr/share ==> the rest of the files of each apps
    • /usr/share/doc ==> all documentations and manuals
• /dev
  • cdroms and disks
  • cdrom, disk, partition, mouse are files from the point of view of the OS
  • ex: cat /dev/mouse , then move the mouse and observe
• /proc ==> information about all the state of the OS and the processes that are running
  • /proc/meminfo

File types:

• regular files
• device files
• sockets (client server)
• links
• forgot to mention hidden files

Permissions, Users & groups:

• permissions for:
  • owner
  • group
  • others
• permissions (for files and directories) are:
  • read
  • write
  • execute
• directory permissioons:
  • no read ==> can't read any file in this directory even if you have permission to read the file itself
  • no write ==> can modify the files in this directory if I have write permission to them, but can't add or delete a new file in it
  • execute ==> can go through/inside it
• Advanced: Programs have owner and group when they are running ???
  • set UID ==> give the program the permisions of the user of the file not those of who started the program
  • set GID ==> same but for the group (e.g. used in score of games)
  • sticky bit ???
  • set UID and GID have no meaning for directories

Mandrake Control Center

• Boot Loader:
  • number of seconds befre automatic loading
  • if i added another OS after Linux and want to add it in the boot loader
  • choose the default OS
• Hardware: (configuration)
• Mount points:
  • partitioning, and change mount points of partitions
  • NFS for network of other Linuxes and Unixes
  • samba
  • webDAV (mount webserver directories as file system)
  • user disk sharing (allows user to make a share directory on NFS or samba)
• Network and Internet:
  • Internet connection sharing
    • transparent proxy (caching sites, filtering, organizes the requests of all the users), no need to config the browsers of users
• Security:
  • levels and checks
  • permissions (chooses a policy for files improtant to the system)
  • firewall (same as in installer)
• System:
  • Menus
    • Menu style --> add link to what to do menu, then save
  • Display Manager
  • services (start, stop, boot)
  • fonts
  • date & time
  • logs (of the system)
  • console (opens command line interface)
  • users and groups:
    • can add user and group password
  • Backups
    • backup system (/etc)
    • backup users (/home)
    • Advanced (choose which directory)
    • back up where (harddisk, network, ...)
    • incremental and differential backups
• Software Manager
  • Install and Remove
    • Mandrake choices
    • choose package by: (selection, repository, update)
    • info (maximum)
  • Updates
    • security, bug fixes, normal
    • use rsync (fastest)
  • Media Manager:
    • main: 4cds
    • contrib: 5cds (by users tested by mandrake)
    • plf: 2cds (multimedia, codecs, games, peer2peer)
    • other

(not finished yet)

How to get HELP?

• how to open a terminal/switch to the console
• how to run a command
• how to run a command as root
• Resources for this course

• packaging --> easy urpmi
  • use the small index option (less discription) for dial up

• wiki
• forum
• articles

• #eglug (irc.freenode.org)
• Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m

Questions Asked during the course:

Q: Where is the source code?

You can get the source code of the GNU\Linux OS and its Free Applications from the internet, visit the website of the projecr/software and you will find its source code.

Q: What is the language that is used in programming Linux?

A: The GNU\Linux operating system and its applications are programmed using different languages, among them: C, C++, perl, python, lisb, ruby.

• The Linux kernel and the GNU tools are written in C.
• Many of the desktop applications are written in C++, e.g. Mozilla, Open Office.
• The Mandrake installer is written in perl

Q: Are programs on Linux small?

A: yes, they are. Each program does a specific task and does it very good, and they depend upon existing packages

Notes on the 1st GNU\Linux course At Alex

Sunday 13/02/2005

Notes

It was given by our good talker member Ahmed El-Makawy AKA Linuxawy and it was good start. The pepole liked the idea of learning something new like GNU/Linux...

Who We Are:

• what is eglug
  • who we are ?
  • who are the pepole that will give the course
  • it`s totally Volunteer work from Eglug
  • it`s totally Volunteer work from Life Makers Alex

Background:

• History of GNU/Linux
  • When and why Unix have been coded.
  • when and where BSD have been coded.
  • GNU' Not Unix and Richard Stallman.
  • Linus and the kernel
• 4 Freedoms
• GPL
• Why Linux
  • Security
  • Open Source.
  • No worms ,no crashes and no more blue screen of death.
  • Almost no price.
  • True multiuser system.
• What Linux Consistes Of
  • Kernel
  • X server
  • GNU tools
  • GNU Development tools
  • Desktop
• What is Mount points
  • Linux single Tree system
  • /mnt
  • why mount?
• Hardware problems
  • Winmodems problem.
• How to get help
  • distro. docs.
  • Google.com/linux
  • eglug.org
  • Eglug Channel @ irc.freenode.net

• Alex Life Makers Team Burnt 10 copies Of Mandrake Linux 10.1 Official (3CDs) And Give It To The Attendees For Free.
• Every Attendee Had To Pay 20 Egyption Pound For The Full Course (10 Hours) As A Rent Of The Pcs To The Education Center.

Tuesday 15/02/2005

Notes

Today it was about Mandrakelinux Installation , given by Sherif Nagy AKA DarKnesS_WolF Don`t know if it was good enough or no...

Installation BackGround:

• How to boot from the cdrom
• what are the basic concepts of installing any oprating system:
  • Partitioning.
  • Hardware Detection.
  • Locale Selection ( Keyboard / Time / Location ).
  • Package Selection.
  • Boot Loader.

The Installation:

• what F1 do
  • low resolution installation.
  • text mode installation.
• How to add arabic keyboard and change Arabic To / From English.
• Security Levels.
• Partitioning:
  • Get the harddisk ready for Installation under windows by deleting one partition from windows.
  • Use resizing tool if u have one partition.
  • What are the 4 choices:
    • Use Free Space.
    • Erase Entire Disk.
    • Use The Free Space Of The Windows Partition.
    • Custom Disk Partitioning.
  • using Ext3
  • using custom partitioning
    • /
    • Swap
    • /home
• what is / and what / has inside.
  • / is a directory and physical driver in the harddisk.
  • why we can have seperate /home.
  • quick look at / and what's inside it ( should be explained at another time but people asked )
• Package Selection:
  • what are workstation packages.
  • what are servers packages.
  • what is LSB.
  • what are GUIs packages.
• Root User:
  • password should be hard and complex.
  • very important user.
  • root home directory is /root NOT /.
  • use no password when you are the only one using the computer, no internet connection and know what u r doing.
  • using advanced options when your network is using any authentication services.
• Add users:
  • Accept user.
  • Add more than one user.
  • user auto login KDE.
• Boot Loader
  • install it as MBR is the best for new users.
• Hardware Configuration:
  • Country
  • Time
  • AutoDetect the sound card / mouse / printer /
  • Network wasn`t configured yet.
  • Graphical interface
    • Card Detected
    • Must test the options.
    • choose the resolution.
  • What are Services.
  • Firewall ( No Firewall )
• no updates since no connection.
• Last Screen
  • Advanced
    • Create Disk to install the same system u installed.
      • ask u for partitioning.
      • remove the whole harddisk.
    • save the package selection.
  • Reboot

• TWO USERS DIDN`T COME ( ONE USER CAME 1ST CLASS , AND ONE EVEN DIDN`T CAME THE 1ST CLASS ) BUT THERE WAS A REPLACEMENT.
• EGLUG PRINTED PAPER PAMPHLETS FOR ALL THE ATTENDEES ( PRINTED BY LINUXAWY , PHOTOCOPY BY LIFE MAKERS ALEX TEAM ).

Thursday 17/2/2005

Notes

Today's session was about desktop usage using KDE/GNOME, popular apps on Linux. It was given by Ahmed El Sherbiny AKA ShErbO. Hope it was good enough.

• X structure
  • What is the X server ? What does it do ?
  • What is the DE ?
  • What is the windowmanager ?

• KDE intro
  • Virtual Desktops concept
  • Control Center
  • Panel, etc....

• Package Management intro
  • The concept of packages
  • The purpose of packages
  • Installing RPMs graphically

• GNOME intro
  • Nautilus
  • Various apps...

• Popular Apps
  • Office suites discussion
  • Graphics (GIMP)
  • Multimedia (xmms, eye of gnome, xine, gmplayer etc...)
  • IM (gaim)
  • Internet (mozilla, epiphany, konqueror)

Sunday 20/2/2005

Notes

Talker was Sherif Nagy AKA DarKnesS_WolF . we just finished the half of the mandrake control center.

Mandrake Control Center.

• Boot Section:
  • Make auto login.
  • Modify the boot loader options.
  • Changing boot theme.
• Hardware Section:
  • Hardware and how to view our hardware info.
  • Other devices unknown to Linux.
  • Reconfigure Xserver.
  • Add printer.
  • Add Scanner.
  • How to share printer and scanner.
  • Keyboard and Mouse.
• Mount Points:
  • Partitioning and resize howto.
  • how the linux read the /dev/hda , /dev/hdb and /dev/hda1 .
  • NFS Mount Points.
  • Samba Mount Points, to get the shared from windows PCs.
  • webdev.
  • local disk sharing and how to share dirs. in ur computer.
• Network Section:
  • Make new connection.
  • Manage connections.
  • remove old connection.

• we can have more than one connection.
• proxy setup.
• internet sharing.

• Security:
  • what is level and checks.
    • Users and Groups in short.
  • Permissions ( r , w , x )
  • Firewall, and why we use Advanced option.

• WE STARTED LATE 40 MIN SOME COURSE BEFORE US MESSED THE TIME TABLE, ONLY 4 ATTENDEES AND ONLY ONE ATTENDEE SAID THAT HE IS ILL AND CAN`T COME.
• PEOPLE WERE SO INTERESTED IN SCANNER SHARING.

Tuesday 22/2/2005

Notes

Today Sherif Nagy AKA DarKnesS_WolF talked about some command line and the rest of Mandrake Control Center.. and was the final session

Mandrake Control Center (ctd.)

• system
  • Menus .. and system menu.
  • Display Manager.
  • Services
    • What services do.
    • dm service.
  • Fonts and how to install tahoma font.
  • Date and time
  • Logs and searching in the system logs.
  • Users and Groups
    • How to add new user
  • Backups
    • Why backup.
    • How to backup.
    • How to restore.
• Software Mangement
  • Install
    • Search rpms by names and description.
    • View the groups of software.
  • Remove software.
  • Updates
  • Media Manager.
    • How to add all kinds of media.
  • Drakewizard
    • What is drakewizard. and what it`s can do.

Command Line

• cd
• cp
  • -rf and why.
• rm ( same way as cp )
• mv
• less
• cat
• head / tail
  • pipping between head and tail.
• ls
• touch
• mkdir
• file
• redirect command output to a file.

OFF COURSE

• Explain how to create apache web server and postfix mail server using drakewizard tool.
• Creating database using MySQL.

• THATS WAS THE LAST SESSION.
• NEXT COURSE WILL BE AFTER TWO WEEKS.
• WE TALKED WITH LIFE MAKERS ALEX TEAM ABOUT THE BAD POINTS IN THE COURSE ( AS IT`S OUR 1ST TIME IN EDUCATION STUFF ) THEY SAID:
  • TAKE NOTES ( THAT WHAT WE WAS DOING BUT IN OUR HEAD ).
  • MY WRITING IS BAD ON THE BOARD AND NOT ORGINZED. ( CAN`T DO ANYTHING ABOUT IT SINCE ALREADY MY WRITING IS BAD ).
  • ONLY ONE TALKER PER CLASS ( CUZ SOMETIME ME AND LINUXAWY WERE TALKING INFRONT OF THE ATTENDEES {WIT\CH I GUESS IS OK IF HE CORRECTS ME OR I CORRECT HIM SO THE INFO DOESN`T GO IN THE WRONG WAY} ).
  • IN SOME STUFF I DON`T KNOW I SAID I DON`T KNOW . THEY WERE SAYING IT`S NO NEED TO SAY DON`T KNOW .. JUST SAY I`LL LOOK FOR IT OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT ( WE AGREED THAT AT THE 1ST OF THE COURSE WE WILL EXPLAIN WHAT THE COURSE COVERS ) SO NO QUESTION OUT THE COURSE AND IF THERE IS ANY IF WE KNOW WE ANSWER . IF WE DON`T WE GUIDE THEM TO HOW TO GET HELP AGAIN.
• IT WAS SO FRIENDLY TALKING AND IT`S WAS GOOD SO WE DON`T FALL IN SAME MISTAKES AGAIN.

Open-Source Definition, benefits and Problems faced and MICROSOFT

<>The Open Source Definition introduced by the Open Source Initiative Free redistribution: The user must be free to sell or give away the software. Source code: The program must include source code.

Derived works: The license must allow distribution of modifications and derived works.

Integrity of the author’s source code: The license may restrict source distribution only if it allows patch files to modify the program at build time.

No discrimination: The license may not restrict use of the software based on any persons, groups or fields of endeavor.

Distribution of license: The license must be automatic.

License must not be specific to a product: The license must not restrict rights to a specific product. License must not

contaminate other software: The license must not place restrictions on other software distributed with the licensed software.

1-OSS software is developed by students and lacked experience This point is so far from the truth as most of OSS are made by highly experienced people who wants to offer their effort for people ex. Linux is one of the greatest OSS - if it is not the great (it' not Alaa) - is made by thousands of highly experienced and most of them has a great background in his branch and they also have a high skills in programming concept, 2- When the leading developers leave the project, the project dies. a- In community concept there is a structure for the design if one of the leading developers leave his task will be rescheduling to other qualified b-The persons who join communities no one force them to join communities they have certain goal they want to achieve it they really want to help people. Rarely one of them leaves the community if he joins the These words says from one didn't search for support b/c the support of OSS is already exist at any time from any location there is a specified boards in almost every OSS that discuss the problems , solutions , bugs , fixes , Some old versions OSS may be complicated in GUI but recently most of OSS developers have been interested in making their program friendly user programming tools like MYSQL (remember it has two licenses one GNU

Open source software development allows programmers to cooperate freely their programs and its source code with other programmers , all these and those enhance their conceptual programming open source software increases the ratio of software quality b/c the programmer cant let a hole in the program b/c he know that there are people will inspect the code carefully Most of OSS made to be general in their branch rather than to be specific to certain problem with some simple customization it can fit your needs as you go to tailor to adjust your father clothes to fit you!!!(there is no na6oosh here) and even if they made it to certain problem like your problem you can customize the code according to the license b/c the application is OSS programmers will use this software -to feel his effort - and will spread the software to his friend but his young brother will be forced to use this software even he didn't know computer even English of course for testing

Why they didn't mention honor and unselfishness b/c these words doesn't exist in

HouseValues, Inc. Move to Windows 2000 Server from Linux Boosts Performance and Agility, Reduces Operations Costs by 50%, Saves Because there are more and better development tools available for Windows than for Linux—the difference is like night and day—we can bring new and more powerful applications to our customers more quickly and easily, and support a more robust, feature-rich Web-based

Microsoft remains adamant that commercial reasons prevent it from simply putting the source code - its "crown jewels" - in the public (cnet.com)

Source: Gartner Research

Random useless Linux tips

List of random tips

They can be distro specific, unspecific, cryptic, easy to read. It doesn't matter. Instead of scribbling your tips on a personal file, dump them here.

• To find more info about the USE flags of package X: emerge gentoolkit && equery uses X
• Find info about any media file : emerge mplayer add to ~/.bashrc : idmedia(){ mplayer -identify -frames 0 -ao null -vo null -vc dummy "[email protected]" 2>/dev/null | grep ID_ } ID_AUDIO_ID=0 ID_FILENAME=/media/mp3/Mortal love - All the beauty - 07 - I want to die.mp3 ID_AUDIO_CODEC=mp3 ID_AUDIO_FORMAT=85 ID_AUDIO_BITRATE=192000 ID_AUDIO_RATE=44100 ID_AUDIO_NCH=2 ID_LENGTH=591
  • Burn encrypted CDs with dm-crypt : cat some.iso | aespipe -H sha256 -e aes256 > some-encrypted.iso burn it with cdrecord (or losetup /dev/loop0 some-encrypted.iso) cryptsetup -c aes -s 256 -h sha256 create cdrom /dev/loop0 Password: (the password you used with aespipe) mount /dev/mapper/cdrom /mnt/cdrom and voila! of course you need device-mapper, dm-crypt target in the kernel, aes in cryptography.
    • Made a livecd or downloaded one and want to give it a testdrive before you burn it on CD(s)? USE=softemu emerge qemu qemu -cdrom /path/to/my.iso -boot d
      • Testing your all 1337 new kernel and don't want to actually boot with it so it wouldn't sleep with your girlfriend and kill your cats? USE=softemu emerge qemu qemu -kernel /bath/to/bzImage -initrd /path/to/initrd -append "kernel cmdline" -hda /dev/hda -snapshot

        Where :

        • kernel is the path to the kernel you want to try
        • initrd is the path to the initrd the kernel gonna use (optional)
        • append is the cmdline to pass to the kernel (ex : elevator=cfq video=vesafb:mtrr,ywrap,[email protected] rootflags=nopseudo rootfstype=reiser4 rw) (optional)
        • hda/-hdb/-hdc/-hdd are either actual devices so the kernel can use or images
        • snapshot so any modifications done to the harddisk(s) wont be saved.

        ---

        If you are using linkdotnet's 07770777 and wvdial. Add this line to wvdial.conf

        ---

        to add more virtual desktops in xfwm press ALT+INS to remove press ALT+DEL

        ---

        If for no reason you can't sync your PDA try changing permissions of the serial device chmod 666 /dev/ttyUSB1

        ---

        How to make your linux installation autologin without gdm or kdm. (xdm doesn't allow this)

        1. First read man inittab
        2. edit /etc/inittab and change this line

        1:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty1
        

        to

        1:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty --autologin username tty1
        

        3. Well naturally you should now put in ~/.bash_profile the startx command. This would work but if you are logging in through a remote shell (ssh, etc.) the startx command with be issued, which is not what we want. Add the following lines in ~/.bash_profile so it issues the startx command only when logging in takes place from the console.

        if ["`tty`" = "/dev/console" -o "`tty`" = "/dev/vc/1"]
        then
        startx
        fi 
        

        1. init q
        2. reboot

Report On EGLUG`s Alex Members First Meeting

ok guys at last we had our 1st meeting after more than month of talking about it and only 3 members come to meeting.it`s was in El-Salam fun center in SidiGaber near the sea.

Who attended the meeting:

1. Ahmed El-Sherbiny ( ShErbO )
2. Ahmed El-Makawy ( Linuxawy )
3. Sherif Nagy ( DarKnesS_WolF )

Almost we was there before 8:05 PM ( Linuxawy and me ) ShErbO was already there before 8:00 PM we waited a Little time before we start talking , and we almost started at 8:30 PM when no body ales come, and we started talking about some topics:-

Have Some Activities In a Friend Net Cafe:-

DarKnesS_WolF start talking about if we can do some free courses on some friend net cafe, and here is the points:-

• The Cafe has 8 PCs and we can Install Mandrake on all of them with window$.
• The Student will pay the Rent of the Pc (1.5 L.E / Hour ) For the net cafe owner , the EGLUG`s members will give the courses For FREE as volunteer work.
• It`s Will be beginner Course. and we suggesting (Members In the Meeting )this course as a begging:-
  • Foss in general and installation.
  • Daily Using ( KDE and Gnome ) Head Lines.
  • Mandrake Control Center.
  • Some Commands such as ( cp , mv , ls , less ,cat , mkdir , rm , top , head , tail, etc.. )
• print and photocopy some legal materials ( when he got a photocopy machine )

the owner of the net cafe had agreed today with DarKnesS_WolF on the phone. and he waiting 1st 8 students and the time to start.

Cooperation With Life Makers Alex:-

Linuxawy Start talking about what we can do for life makers alex and what they need , there is was already connection by emails and Linuxawy will Set us a Meeting with life makers alex members this week to talk about:-

• Who will give the courses.
• do we will teach the students or we will teach the people in life makers alex. and we suggesting to teach for the life makers people and some students in the 1st and then we see how it`s will goes.
• they need a full course, Linuxawy and ShErbO suggested to do beginners course 1st as described above and then Advanced one and see if the people will sign in for the Advanced or we turn it to another beginners course.

and those courses will be totally FREE , 0 Cost.

Helping mo3ida in Faculty of Science Alex In Teaching GNU/Linux:-

we can say the points is:-

• she need the course head lines.
• she want to understand the course. and some backup.since she don`t know lots of stuff about Linux.

so we think we need a meeting with her to know exactly what she needs about that course but we think beginner course as described above will be good with alot of extra commands , how the system works and some compiling stuff to show how powerful the system is.but in that case we will need lots of help. ShErbO and DarKnesS_WolF ready to set with her and explain as much as they can about the system. and we are waiting to meet her 1st if when can and we are waiting Linuxawy to set us.

some other suggesting

• we need a way to get more users in Alex
• we can talk to something like asr thakaft sidigaber ( asr el tazawk ) to give free GNU/Linux courses there. but it`s may take some time.

and we finished the meeting almost at 9:45 pm.

P.S: some Pics will be posted with Linuxawy send them to me. any comments and feedback please comment.

Resources for New Users

Mandrake

Manuals

• Manuals included on course CDs, you can access them from more applications -> Documentation in the Mandrake menu. or you can download the PDF versions

Old Manuals

These extra manuals where written for Mandrake 9.0, they may be abit out of date but most of the information is still valid

Links

Packages

This are sources for extra Mandrake Packages, you should not install packages made for another GNU/Linux distribution.

• PLF which includes lots of packages that cannot be part of the Mandrake dsitribution due to complicated copyrights, they include multimedia software and codecs, peer2peer software, games, and lots of tools.
• Contrib collection of packages made by Mandrake users and contributed as part of the general Mandrake development process, tested and guaranteed to work.
• Main the full 4CD Mandrakepackages repository

Documentation

General

Application documentation

WebSites

Software

Slackware Tips

For all slackers if you had install slackware and got MySQL error at the login prompt, here what you should do in shell

Write ur root password

This logs you into the 'mysql' user account. Next, run:

This will create the needed databases and set their permissions properly. Next time when u reboot your slack u will not see this error again

Solution to the DSL-500T Router problem

Solution to the DSL-500T Router problem

The only DLink ADSL router in the market, as of January 2005, in Cairo is the model DSL-500T. It is sold at around 340 EGP from a DLink distributer at a new computer mall in Heliopolis named Souq El 3asr (brands).

Before buying this model, I heard that there might be some issues with ssh connections. However, I knew that T models of DLink routers run GNU/Linux, so I didn't bother since Linux is an open platform, we are familiar with, we can hack and troubleshoot up to compiling a new kernel.

I also wanted a model that has an easy to configure firewall.

The problem

After configuring the connection and setting everything up and testing web and other services I decided to set my main PC to IP address 192.168.1.2 and leave the rest as DHCP. I also decided to port forward ssh and bittorent ports to 192.168.1.2

The web and all other services were working flawlessly. Except for outgoing ssh and outgoing ftp (didn't test incoming ftp).

I decided to fiddle with the router web interface. Removing the port forwarding that I configured earlier. Nothing changed. I can not ssh or ftp to any machine.

There was no problem when using connecting through ssh via putty on a another windows box in my network.

Solving the problem

But still I can not ssh to any box. Even the login prompt doesn't appear when I try ssh.

Alaa, told me that he will help me solve the thing.

He telneted to the box and checked the active iptables rules. One of them explicitly dropped all outgoing ssh connections from 192.168.1.2!

We tried to change the ip for his machine from 192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.4; ssh worked.

He returned back his ip to 192.168.1.2 and then deleted this rule.

ssh worked !

The problem now is to know how the router makes this rule and find a way to avoid it. Alaa told me it was my homework.

So I decided to change my PC's ip address and thats it. So I opened the web interface. Created a new ip to forward ssh and bittorrent to. I saved the configuration, and restarted the router. All this while I was spying on the iptables rules on the router. After the changes the annoying rule was deleted.

I decided to bring things back to 192.168.1.2. So I deleted the 192.168.1.3 using the router's interface. Configured the port forwarding back to 192.168.1.2. Restarted the router, check iptables. The rule has gone forever.

ssh worked.

Conclusion

DLink has no firmware updates nor any answer to this problem.

The solution in brief

Fixing the ftp

On your linux box as root type this iptables --table mangle --append OUTPUT --jump DSCP --set-dscp 0x0

Fixing the ssh

• Open the web interface.
• Click ADVANCED -> Port Forwarding
• Created a new ip and delete the old one (192.168.1.2)
• Now forward ssh and bittorrent. (If you wish)
• Save the configuration
• Restart the router.

Do the above while telnetting and checking the iptables rules on the router. $telnet 192.168.1.1 Trying 192.168.1.1... Connected to 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1). Escape character is '^]'. login: root password: your-web-interface-password

1. iptables -L

   After the above steps the annoying rule should be gone.

   Links

Tracing the adv. of eglug

Translations Concepts in Drupal

here we will put the fuzzy words that was bother us and here will put translations for that words so we all use the same arabic traslations.and sure if u c somehting better tell us so we c what is better and then add it.

• Directory: مجلد
• Forum: منتدى
• Blogs: مفكرة
• Links: وصلات
• URL: عنوان الموقع
• Poll: أستطلاع للرأى
• Vote: تصويت
• Articles: مقال
• Who's new: الأعضاء الجدد
• Who`s online: الموجودين حاليا
• Glossary: قاموس
• Term: مصطلح
• Drupal: دروبال
• Wiki: ويكى
• Topic: موضوع

Video encoding for dummies

Video encoding for dummies

Hmm ok, so if you've read anything I wrote before you, then should already know that writing isn't my thing..

Yep and grammar isn't my thing either

Before we start you need :

• xvid for linux (emerge xvid or find a package for your distro).
• lame/libmp3lame (emerge lame or find a package for your distro).
• vorbis-tools (only for using ogg sound).
• mkvtoolnix/libmatroska (only for using the matroska container and ogg sound)
• mplayer/mencoder (USE="encode xvid matroska oggvorbis" emerge mplayer or find a package for your distro).
• the ability to read and understand bad grammar.
• some common sense (search for it in your favorite S-Mart).

notes

• You can use ogg as a container, however I prefer matroska and since I wrote this guide, I can choose what I like :P
• I'm using xvid/mplayer from cvs head but it shouldn't be much different than latest _preX mplayer.

Q: How do I find info about an .avi (or any media file)? ID_VIDEO_ID=0 ID_AUDIO_ID=1 ID_FILENAME=/media/movies/DareDevil.Directors.Cut.DVDRip.XviD-DoNE.CD1.avi ID_VIDEO_FORMAT=XVID ID_VIDEO_BITRATE=1148520 ID_VIDEO_WIDTH=640 ID_VIDEO_HEIGHT=272 ID_VIDEO_FPS=23.976 ID_VIDEO_ASPECT=0.0000 ID_AUDIO_CODEC=a52 ID_AUDIO_FORMAT=8192 ID_AUDIO_BITRATE=448000 ID_AUDIO_RATE=48000 ID_AUDIO_NCH=2 ID_LENGTH=3649

Q: How do you I do a high quality video encodes with mencoder (xvid/mp3)?

Well There're 2 ways so lets see :

If you want the highest quailty without caring about size : -rw-r--r-- 1 oneofone users 26M Jan 7 18:05 Bill Gates Failure.mpg MEncoder dev-CVS-050109-00:59-3.4.3 (C) 2000-2005 MPlayer Team ---cut--- Video stream: 1401.710 kbit/s (175213 bps) size: 18830952 bytes 107.474 secs 3223 frames The value 99.99dB is a special value and represents the upper range limit xvid: Min PSNR y : 39.62 dB, u : 46.56 dB, v : 47.19 dB, in frame 2178 xvid: Average PSNR y : 43.91 dB, u : 48.28 dB, v : 49.08 dB, for 3216 frames xvid: Max PSNR y : 52.63 dB, u : 56.58 dB, v : 56.72 dB, in frame 0 747 Number of frames : 3214 Frames == b : 2097 / i : 18 / p : 1099 -oac mp3lame -lameopts preset=standard -o Bill\ Gates\ Failure.avi Bill\ Gates\ Failure.mpg MEncoder dev-CVS-050109-00:59-3.4.3 (C) 2000-2005 MPlayer Team ---cut--- Video stream: 727.332 kbit/s (90916 bps) size: 9771172 bytes 107.474 secs 3223 frames Audio stream: 130.982 kbit/s (16372 bps) size: 1767072 bytes 107.928 secs Bill Gates Failure.avi: RIFF (little-endian) data, AVI, 352 x 480, ~30 fps, video: XviD, audio: MPEG-1 Layer 3 (stereo, 48000 Hz) -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12M Jan 19 14:17 Bill Gates Failure.avi

Now you can do the victory dance, you've just encoded your first high quality video!

Specific size : under construction.

Q: How to remove black borders?

Easy, use the cropdetect filter! --cut-- --repeat-- --other crap-- then simply append the crop value from that output to your pass2 command line : mencoder -ovc xvid -xvidencopts $XVIDOPTS:pass=2:bitrate=747 \ -oac mp3lame -lameopts preset=standard -vf crop=336:224:8:8 \ -o Bill\ Gates\ Failure.avi Bill\ Gates\ Failure.mpg

Important scripts/bash aliases used in this guide :

Bash aliases:

goes to ~/.bashrc or wherever your bash profile is makes life easier and they are used a lot in the guide. xvidpass1(){ time mencoder -nosound -ovc xvid -xvidencopts turbo:stats:${1}:pass=1 -o /dev/null "${2}" } idmedia(){ mplayer -identify -frames 0 -ao null -vo null -vc dummy "[email protected]" 2>/dev/null | grep ID_ }

perl scripts :

xvid first pass log analyzer usage : perl xvid-log-analyzer.pl / append 2>/dev/null to remove the extra statistics

1. !/usr/bin/perl use strict; open(XVID_LOG, '&lt;:mmap', 'xvid-twopass.stats') or die "xvid-twopass.stats doesn't exist!!!!111oneoneone"; my ($br, $frames, $i, $b, $p); while(&lt;XVID_LOG&gt;){ next if /^#/; next unless split (/\s+/) && $#_ == 6; } printf ("%d\n",$br / $frames); print STDERR "Number of frames : $frames\n"; print STDERR "Frames == b : $b / i : $i / p : $p\n";

   What is?

   mplayer : plays most MPEG/VOB, AVI, ASF/WMA/WMV, RM, QT/MOV/MP4, OGG/OGM, MKV, VIVO, FLI, NuppelVideo, yuv4mpeg, FILM and RoQ files, supported by many native and binary codecs. You can watch VideoCD, SVCD, DVD, 3ivx, DivX 3/4/5 and even WMV movies, too.

   mencoder : mplayer is a movie player for Linux (runs on many other platforms and CPU architectures, see the documentation). It plays most MPEG/VOB, AVI, ASF/WMA/WMV, RM, QT/MOV/MP4, OGG/OGM, MKV, VIVO, FLI, NuppelVideo, yuv4mpeg, FILM and RoQ files, supported by many native and binary codecs. You can watch VideoCD, SVCD, DVD, 3ivx, DivX 3/4/5 and even WMV movies, too.

   container :

   codec :

   first pass xvid log (xvid-twopass.stats) :

   References:

   • man:mplayer
   • man:lame

What is OpenCD ?

Open Source Software (OSS) is provided with a license that gives the end user the right to use it freely for private or commercial use. You also havet he right to inspect and even modify the underlying source code. You can give away or sell the original version you received or one with your modification, though you may be required to in turn pass on the modified source code so that others can benefit from the changes you have made. This last clause protects the devel oper's work from unfair exploitation by others, while allowing the source code t o be released to the community. You are not required to pay royalties to previou s developers, but you are still permitted to charge money for the sale of OSS. This disc may have been given to you by a friend; or sold to you for a small fee, and both are permitted. Keep in mind that there are many different licenses, e ach of which has its own particular set of conditions. If you plan to distribute or modify one of the programs on this disc, please double check the license bef ore you begin so you'll be clear on both your rights and obligations.

TheOpenCD is a small collection of only the highest quality OSS for Windows, easily available on a CD. The programs are carefully selected to ensure stability , ease of use and a clean install and un-install from your computer. As the CD browser technology (called DiscTree) has matured and improved, it has become fea sible to create derivative distributions such as the recent Ubuntu LiveCD collection . The CD is intended as a first introduction to the world of OSS, but it is our hope that you will later go on to explore other projects, and at some stage you may even want to try a whole new operating system, such as Linux ( sometimes called GNU/Linux ).